Abstract
Three microwave-assisted digestion procedures, followed by analysis of digestates employing inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) were evaluated for use in the determination of elements at trace and ultra-trace levels in PM2.5 samples. Digestion procedure 1 used 2.5 mL HNO3 (65%) at 200 °C. Procedure 2, consisted of a two-stage digestion step at 200 °C with 2.5 mL HNO3 (65%) and 3 μL HF (48%) followed by 24 μL H3BO3 (5%). A 10-fold increase in the amounts of HF and H3BO3 was used for procedure 3. The addition of HF/H3BO3 was carried out to aid the dissolution of silicate matrices and refractory compounds. The digestions were carried out using PTFE ultra-trace inserts which increased the sample throughput threefold. The addition of small quantities of HF resulted in the effective solubilisation of Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Cd, Sb and Pb. The optimal method using HNO3/HF/H3BO3 digestion as in procedure 3 showed recovery efficiency greater than 70% for all elements. The validated method was applied to quantify the elemental content of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (with samples <0.5 mg) at an urban background site in Malta.
Original language | English |
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Article number | e12844 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Heliyon |
Volume | 9 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 5 Jan 2023 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This publication is part of a PhD thesis at the University of Malta. The authors declare that any opinions expressed in this article are their own and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the institutions to which they are affiliated.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors
Keywords
- ICP-MS
- Indoor PM
- Malta
- Microwave digestion
- Standard reference material SRM1648a
- Trace elements
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General