T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination

Lulu Wang; Alex Nicols; Lance Turtle; Alex Richter; Christopher JA Duncan; Susanna J Dunachie; Paul Klenerman; Rebecca P Payne

doi:10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468

T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination

Lulu Wang, Alex Nicols, Lance Turtle, Alex Richter, Christopher JA Duncan, Susanna J Dunachie, Paul Klenerman, Rebecca P Payne^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

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Abstract

The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.

Original language	English
Article number	e000468
Number of pages	16
Journal	BMJ Medicine
Volume	2
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468
Publication status	Published - 22 Nov 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding:
CJAD is funded by a fellowship from Wellcome (211153/Z/18/Z), MRC (MR/X001598/1), and additional grants from MRC. LT is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant 205228/Z/16/Z) and the US Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative contract 75F40120C00085. RP is funded by a Wellcome Career Re-entry Fellowship (grant 204721/Z/16/Z) and additional grants from MRC. SJD has received research funding grants from Wellcome (grants MR/X009297/1, MR/W02067X/1, and MR/W020653/1), UK Department of Health and Social Care, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) (grant NIHR30079), and US Defense Threat Reduction Agency. AR is funded by UK NIHR (grant NIHR135830) and additional grants from MRC. PK is funded by Wellcome (grant 222426/Z/21/Z). LT and PK are supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in emerging and zoonotic infections (NIHR200907) at the University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford. The funders had no role in considering the study design or in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit the article for publication.

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This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468Licence: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY)

WangL2023TcellFinal published version, 992 KBLicence: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY)

Stratification of Clinically Vulnerable People for COVID-19 Risk Using Antibody Testing
Richter, A. (Principal Investigator)
NIHR CENTRAL COMMISSIONING FACILITY
1/02/23 → 30/11/25
Project: Other Government Departments

Cite this

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title = "T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination",

abstract = "The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.",

author = "Lulu Wang and Alex Nicols and Lance Turtle and Alex Richter and Duncan, {Christopher JA} and Dunachie, {Susanna J} and Paul Klenerman and Payne, {Rebecca P}",

note = "Funding: CJAD is funded by a fellowship from Wellcome (211153/Z/18/Z), MRC (MR/X001598/1), and additional grants from MRC. LT is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant 205228/Z/16/Z) and the US Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative contract 75F40120C00085. RP is funded by a Wellcome Career Re-entry Fellowship (grant 204721/Z/16/Z) and additional grants from MRC. SJD has received research funding grants from Wellcome (grants MR/X009297/1, MR/W02067X/1, and MR/W020653/1), UK Department of Health and Social Care, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) (grant NIHR30079), and US Defense Threat Reduction Agency. AR is funded by UK NIHR (grant NIHR135830) and additional grants from MRC. PK is funded by Wellcome (grant 222426/Z/21/Z). LT and PK are supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in emerging and zoonotic infections (NIHR200907) at the University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford. The funders had no role in considering the study design or in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit the article for publication.",

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AU - Dunachie, Susanna J

AU - Klenerman, Paul

AU - Payne, Rebecca P

N1 - Funding: CJAD is funded by a fellowship from Wellcome (211153/Z/18/Z), MRC (MR/X001598/1), and additional grants from MRC. LT is supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant 205228/Z/16/Z) and the US Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative contract 75F40120C00085. RP is funded by a Wellcome Career Re-entry Fellowship (grant 204721/Z/16/Z) and additional grants from MRC. SJD has received research funding grants from Wellcome (grants MR/X009297/1, MR/W02067X/1, and MR/W020653/1), UK Department of Health and Social Care, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) (grant NIHR30079), and US Defense Threat Reduction Agency. AR is funded by UK NIHR (grant NIHR135830) and additional grants from MRC. PK is funded by Wellcome (grant 222426/Z/21/Z). LT and PK are supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in emerging and zoonotic infections (NIHR200907) at the University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford. The funders had no role in considering the study design or in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the report, or decision to submit the article for publication.

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N2 - The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.

AB - The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.

U2 - 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468

DO - 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468

M3 - Review article

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SN - 2754-0413

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JO - BMJ Medicine

JF - BMJ Medicine

IS - 1

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ER -

T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination

Abstract

Bibliographical note

UN SDGs

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Projects

Stratification of Clinically Vulnerable People for COVID-19 Risk Using Antibody Testing

Cite this