Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are generated through various endogenous and exogenous processes; however, they are neutralized by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An imbalance between the generation and neutralization of oxidants results in the progression to oxidative stress (OS), which in turn gives rise to various diseases, disorders and aging. The characteristics of aging include the progressive loss of function in tissues and organs. The theory of aging explains that age-related functional losses are due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their subsequent damages and tissue deformities. Moreover, the diseases and disorders caused by OS include cardiovascular diseases [CVDs], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. OS, induced by ROS, is neutralized by different enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and prevents cells, tissues and organs from damage. However, prolonged OS decreases the content of antioxidant status of cells by reducing the activities of reductants and antioxidative enzymes and gives rise to different pathological conditions. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to discuss the mechanism of ROS-induced OS signaling and their age-associated complications mediated through their toxic manifestations in order to devise effective preventive and curative natural therapeutic remedies.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 552 |
Number of pages | 27 |
Journal | Cells |
Volume | 11 |
Issue number | 3 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 5 Feb 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:The authors, S.Y.G., T.A.S., D.J., S.S.Q., M.S.R. are thankful to Central Library and Departmental Library (Department of Zoology) of Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University for providing access to different Journals and books for writing this article. M.S.R. is also thankful to University Grants Commission for providing Start-up Research Grant (No. F.30-441/2018 (BSR), 07-06-2018). The authors, Y.A.H. and R.R., are also grateful to the CM-Startup Scheme, Govt of Himachal Pradesh for providing financial assistance under the project (HPSTARTUP/2020/12/03) to Zoology Division, Career Point University, Hamipur, H.P. India. The authors, S.H. and A.A., sincerely acknowledge Jazan University, Saudi Arabia, for providing the access of the Saudi Digital Library for this research work.
Funding Information:
Funding: No financial support was available for this study.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors.
Keywords
- Aging
- Mechanisms
- Oxidative stress
- Pathologies
- Reactive oxygen species
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Medicine