One‐Dimensional Variational Ionospheric Retrieval Using Radio Occultation Bending Angles: 2. Validation

Culverwell et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003572) described a new
one-dimensional variational (1D-Var) retrieval approach for ionospheric GNSS radio occultation (GNSS-RO)
measurements. The approach maps a one-dimensional ionospheric electron density profile, modeled with
multiple “Vary-Chap” layers, to bending angle space. This paper improves the computational performance of
the 1D-Var retrieval using an improved background model and validates the approach by comparing with the
COSMIC-2 profile retrievals, based on an Abel Transform inversion, and co-located (within 200 km) ionosonde
observations using all suitable data from 2020. A three or four layer Vary-Chap in the 1D-Var retrieval
shows improved performance compared to COSMIC-2 retrievals in terms of percentage error for the F2 peak
parameters (NmF2 and hmF2). Furthermore, skill in retrieval (compared to COSMIC-2 profiles) throughout the
bottomside (∼90–300 km) has been demonstrated. With a single Vary-Chap layer the performance is similar
but this improves by approximately 40% when using four-layers.