Effects of age, gender, ethnicity, diurnal variation and exercise on circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and-9, and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and-2

Background: Circulating metalloproteinases (MMP) and their inhibitors (TIMP) are indices of vascular and cardiac tissue matrix turnover. However, the temporal changes and relationship of these parameters to age, gender, ethnicity and exercise have been poorly defined, even in healthy individuals. We therefore studied these aspects on plasma levels of MMP-2 and -9 and TIMP-1 and -2, as the major metalloproteinases (and their inhibitors) implicated in pathophysiology of vascular disease. Methods: Venous citrated blood was collected from 93 normal healthy volunteers from four ethnic groups (Afro-Caribbean, South Asian, Caucasian and Far Eastern) for a cross-sectional study. In addition, 20 separate healthy volunteers were studied during supine rest, before and immediately following peak treadmill stress using a Bruce protocol. MMP-2 and -9 and TIMP-1 and -2 were all measured by ELISA. Results: There was a categorical distribution of MMP-2 concentration with individual subjects showing high levels, yet others being undetectable, although these changes were unrelated to age, gender or ethnicity. TIMP-1 and -2 showed a modest negative correlation with age (r=-0.251, p=0.015; r=-0.254, p=0.014). There was a positive correlation between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 (r=0.399, p