Can negative electricity prices encourage inefficient electrical energy storage devices?

This paper explores whether negative electricity prices can change the rationale that efficient energy storage devices are more economical for arbitrage in electricity markets. An established model algorithm to determine the maximum available arbitrage revenue and optimum schedule of electrical energy storage (EES) operation is used to simulate storage with a time-series of electricity prices which includes some negative prices. Our results suggest that at any likely frequency of negative electricity prices, inefficient EES is not encouraged, and can only be encouraged for EES devices with very low energy capacity to power ratios.