Applications and Future Trends of Extracellular Vesicles in Biomaterials Science and Engineering

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from natural resources and human cells are innovative biomaterials with vast potential for a wide range of applications. The applications of EVs are expanding rapidly, particularly in emerging fields such as biomaterialomics, information transfer, data storage, and 3D bioprinting, where principles of synthetic biology also come into play. These versatile structures exhibit diverse morphologies and compositions, depending on their cellular origin. As a result, they have been incorporated as key components in both medical and engineering fields. Their integration into these materials has facilitated research in various areas, including DNA and RNA storage, 3D printing, and mitochondrial transfer. Whilst the sustainable production of EVs using validated and standardized methods remains a significant challenge, it is crucial to acknowledge their tremendous potential and prepare for future scientific breakthroughs facilitated by EVs.