Analyzing the role of communications technology in C4i scenarios: A distributed cognition approach

Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4i) is defined as the management infrastructure required for coordination and planning in situations in which multiple individuals, often dispersed geographically, have to achieve a common goal (Harris & White, 1987). C4i is an example of a joint cognitive system where intelligent processes transcend the boundaries of the individual actor (Rogers, 1997, 1), and information is dispersed among human and non-human agents in the wider context. A methodology is proposed that is based on the integration of five individual methods. This approach enables information that individuals use for decision making in C4i to be captured and represented as a form of knowledge network. This network provides a powerful representation of Situational Awareness, or 'who knows what'. Knowledge that is shared between agents in the scenario can be identified, which in turn, enables an assessment of the knowledge that has to be communicated between agents and how it is and could be mediated by technology. The method is applied to a live scenario drawn from the United Kingdom (U.K.) railway industry, for which the level of critique available for the assessment of technology within these intelligent systems is significantly enhanced.