A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET and the DISCOVERY of A NON-TRANSITING PLANET in the KEPLER-20 SYSTEM

Lars A. Buchhave; Courtney D. Dressing; Xavier Dumusque; Ken Rice; Andrew Vanderburg; Annelies Mortier; Mercedes Lopez-Morales; Eric Lopez; Mia S. Lundkvist; Hans Kjeldsen; Laura Affer; Aldo S. Bonomo; David Charbonneau; Andrew Collier Cameron; Rosario Cosentino; Pedro Figueira; Aldo F.M. Fiorenzano; Avet Harutyunyan; Raphaëlle D. Haywood; John Asher Johnson; David W. Latham; Christophe Lovis; Luca Malavolta; Michel Mayor; Giusi Micela; Emilio Molinari; Fatemeh Motalebi; Valerio Nascimbeni; Francesco Pepe; David F. Phillips; Giampaolo Piotto; Don Pollacco; Didier Queloz; Dimitar Sasselov; Damien Ségransan; Alessandro Sozzetti; Stéphane Udry; Chris Watson

doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160

A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET and the DISCOVERY of A NON-TRANSITING PLANET in the KEPLER-20 SYSTEM

Lars A. Buchhave, Courtney D. Dressing, Xavier Dumusque, Ken Rice, Andrew Vanderburg, Annelies Mortier, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Eric Lopez, Mia S. Lundkvist, Hans Kjeldsen, Laura Affer, Aldo S. Bonomo, David Charbonneau, Andrew Collier Cameron, Rosario Cosentino, Pedro Figueira, Aldo F.M. Fiorenzano, Avet Harutyunyan, Raphaëlle D. Haywood, John Asher JohnsonDavid W. Latham, Christophe Lovis, Luca Malavolta, Michel Mayor, Giusi Micela, Emilio Molinari, Fatemeh Motalebi, Valerio Nascimbeni, Francesco Pepe, David F. Phillips, Giampaolo Piotto, Don Pollacco, Didier Queloz, Dimitar Sasselov, Damien Ségransan, Alessandro Sozzetti, Stéphane Udry, Chris Watson

Physics and Astronomy

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

57 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Kepler-20 is a solar-type star (V = 12.5) hosting a compact system of five transiting planets, all packed within the orbital distance of Mercury in our own solar system. A transition from rocky to gaseous planets with a planetary transition radius of ∼1.6 R_⊕ has recently been proposed by several articles in the literature. Kepler-20b (∼ 1.9 R_⊕) has a size beyond this transition radius; however, previous mass measurements were not sufficiently precise to allow definite conclusions to be drawn regarding its composition. We present new mass measurements of three of the planets in the Kepler-20 system that are facilitated by 104 radial velocity measurements from the HARPS-N spectrograph and 30 archival Keck/HIRES observations, as well as an updated photometric analysis of the Kepler data and an asteroseismic analysis of the host star (M_∗= 0.948 ± 0.051 M_⊙and = R_∗ = 0.964 ± 0.018 R_⊙). Kepler-20b is a 1.868_-0.034 ^+0.006 planet in a 3.7 day period with a mass of 9.70_-1.44 ^+1.41M_⊕, resulting in a mean density of 8.2_-1.3 ^+1.5, indicating a rocky composition with an iron-to-silicate ratio consistent with that of the Earth. This makes Kepler-20b the most massive planet with a rocky composition found to date. Furthermore, we report the discovery of an additional non-transiting planet with a minimum mass of 19.96_-3.61 ^+3.08M_⊕ and an orbital period of ∼34 days in the gap between Kepler-20f (P ∼ 11 days) and Kepler-20d (P ∼ 78 days).

Original language	English
Article number	160
Journal	Astronomical Journal
Volume	152
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160
Publication status	Published - Dec 2016

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Keywords

planetary systems
planets and satellites: composition
stars: individual
techniques: radial velocities

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Space and Planetary Science

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10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160

Cite this

Buchhave, L. A., Dressing, C. D., Dumusque, X., Rice, K., Vanderburg, A., Mortier, A., Lopez-Morales, M., Lopez, E., Lundkvist, M. S., Kjeldsen, H., Affer, L., Bonomo, A. S., Charbonneau, D., Cameron, A. C., Cosentino, R., Figueira, P., Fiorenzano, A. F. M., Harutyunyan, A., Haywood, R. D., ... Watson, C. (2016). A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET and the DISCOVERY of A NON-TRANSITING PLANET in the KEPLER-20 SYSTEM. Astronomical Journal, 152(6), Article 160. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160

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title = "A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET and the DISCOVERY of A NON-TRANSITING PLANET in the KEPLER-20 SYSTEM",

abstract = "Kepler-20 is a solar-type star (V = 12.5) hosting a compact system of five transiting planets, all packed within the orbital distance of Mercury in our own solar system. A transition from rocky to gaseous planets with a planetary transition radius of ∼1.6 R⊕ has recently been proposed by several articles in the literature. Kepler-20b (∼ 1.9 R⊕) has a size beyond this transition radius; however, previous mass measurements were not sufficiently precise to allow definite conclusions to be drawn regarding its composition. We present new mass measurements of three of the planets in the Kepler-20 system that are facilitated by 104 radial velocity measurements from the HARPS-N spectrograph and 30 archival Keck/HIRES observations, as well as an updated photometric analysis of the Kepler data and an asteroseismic analysis of the host star (M∗= 0.948 ± 0.051 M⊙and = R∗ = 0.964 ± 0.018 R⊙). Kepler-20b is a 1.868-0.034 +0.006 planet in a 3.7 day period with a mass of 9.70-1.44 +1.41M⊕, resulting in a mean density of 8.2-1.3 +1.5, indicating a rocky composition with an iron-to-silicate ratio consistent with that of the Earth. This makes Kepler-20b the most massive planet with a rocky composition found to date. Furthermore, we report the discovery of an additional non-transiting planet with a minimum mass of 19.96-3.61 +3.08M⊕ and an orbital period of ∼34 days in the gap between Kepler-20f (P ∼ 11 days) and Kepler-20d (P ∼ 78 days).",

keywords = "planetary systems, planets and satellites: composition, stars: individual, techniques: radial velocities",

author = "Buchhave, {Lars A.} and Dressing, {Courtney D.} and Xavier Dumusque and Ken Rice and Andrew Vanderburg and Annelies Mortier and Mercedes Lopez-Morales and Eric Lopez and Lundkvist, {Mia S.} and Hans Kjeldsen and Laura Affer and Bonomo, {Aldo S.} and David Charbonneau and Cameron, {Andrew Collier} and Rosario Cosentino and Pedro Figueira and Fiorenzano, {Aldo F.M.} and Avet Harutyunyan and Haywood, {Rapha{\"e}lle D.} and Johnson, {John Asher} and Latham, {David W.} and Christophe Lovis and Luca Malavolta and Michel Mayor and Giusi Micela and Emilio Molinari and Fatemeh Motalebi and Valerio Nascimbeni and Francesco Pepe and Phillips, {David F.} and Giampaolo Piotto and Don Pollacco and Didier Queloz and Dimitar Sasselov and Damien S{\'e}gransan and Alessandro Sozzetti and St{\'e}phane Udry and Chris Watson",

year = "2016",

month = dec,

doi = "10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160",

language = "English",

volume = "152",

journal = "Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "6",

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Buchhave, LA, Dressing, CD, Dumusque, X, Rice, K, Vanderburg, A, Mortier, A, Lopez-Morales, M, Lopez, E, Lundkvist, MS, Kjeldsen, H, Affer, L, Bonomo, AS, Charbonneau, D, Cameron, AC, Cosentino, R, Figueira, P, Fiorenzano, AFM, Harutyunyan, A, Haywood, RD, Johnson, JA, Latham, DW, Lovis, C, Malavolta, L, Mayor, M, Micela, G, Molinari, E, Motalebi, F, Nascimbeni, V, Pepe, F, Phillips, DF, Piotto, G, Pollacco, D, Queloz, D, Sasselov, D, Ségransan, D, Sozzetti, A, Udry, S & Watson, C 2016, 'A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET and the DISCOVERY of A NON-TRANSITING PLANET in the KEPLER-20 SYSTEM', Astronomical Journal, vol. 152, no. 6, 160. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160

TY - JOUR

T1 - A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET and the DISCOVERY of A NON-TRANSITING PLANET in the KEPLER-20 SYSTEM

AU - Buchhave, Lars A.

AU - Dressing, Courtney D.

AU - Dumusque, Xavier

AU - Rice, Ken

AU - Vanderburg, Andrew

AU - Mortier, Annelies

AU - Lopez-Morales, Mercedes

AU - Lopez, Eric

AU - Lundkvist, Mia S.

AU - Kjeldsen, Hans

AU - Affer, Laura

AU - Bonomo, Aldo S.

AU - Charbonneau, David

AU - Cameron, Andrew Collier

AU - Cosentino, Rosario

AU - Figueira, Pedro

AU - Fiorenzano, Aldo F.M.

AU - Harutyunyan, Avet

AU - Haywood, Raphaëlle D.

AU - Johnson, John Asher

AU - Latham, David W.

AU - Lovis, Christophe

AU - Malavolta, Luca

AU - Mayor, Michel

AU - Micela, Giusi

AU - Molinari, Emilio

AU - Motalebi, Fatemeh

AU - Nascimbeni, Valerio

AU - Pepe, Francesco

AU - Phillips, David F.

AU - Piotto, Giampaolo

AU - Pollacco, Don

AU - Queloz, Didier

AU - Sasselov, Dimitar

AU - Ségransan, Damien

AU - Sozzetti, Alessandro

AU - Udry, Stéphane

AU - Watson, Chris

PY - 2016/12

Y1 - 2016/12

N2 - Kepler-20 is a solar-type star (V = 12.5) hosting a compact system of five transiting planets, all packed within the orbital distance of Mercury in our own solar system. A transition from rocky to gaseous planets with a planetary transition radius of ∼1.6 R⊕ has recently been proposed by several articles in the literature. Kepler-20b (∼ 1.9 R⊕) has a size beyond this transition radius; however, previous mass measurements were not sufficiently precise to allow definite conclusions to be drawn regarding its composition. We present new mass measurements of three of the planets in the Kepler-20 system that are facilitated by 104 radial velocity measurements from the HARPS-N spectrograph and 30 archival Keck/HIRES observations, as well as an updated photometric analysis of the Kepler data and an asteroseismic analysis of the host star (M∗= 0.948 ± 0.051 M⊙and = R∗ = 0.964 ± 0.018 R⊙). Kepler-20b is a 1.868-0.034 +0.006 planet in a 3.7 day period with a mass of 9.70-1.44 +1.41M⊕, resulting in a mean density of 8.2-1.3 +1.5, indicating a rocky composition with an iron-to-silicate ratio consistent with that of the Earth. This makes Kepler-20b the most massive planet with a rocky composition found to date. Furthermore, we report the discovery of an additional non-transiting planet with a minimum mass of 19.96-3.61 +3.08M⊕ and an orbital period of ∼34 days in the gap between Kepler-20f (P ∼ 11 days) and Kepler-20d (P ∼ 78 days).

AB - Kepler-20 is a solar-type star (V = 12.5) hosting a compact system of five transiting planets, all packed within the orbital distance of Mercury in our own solar system. A transition from rocky to gaseous planets with a planetary transition radius of ∼1.6 R⊕ has recently been proposed by several articles in the literature. Kepler-20b (∼ 1.9 R⊕) has a size beyond this transition radius; however, previous mass measurements were not sufficiently precise to allow definite conclusions to be drawn regarding its composition. We present new mass measurements of three of the planets in the Kepler-20 system that are facilitated by 104 radial velocity measurements from the HARPS-N spectrograph and 30 archival Keck/HIRES observations, as well as an updated photometric analysis of the Kepler data and an asteroseismic analysis of the host star (M∗= 0.948 ± 0.051 M⊙and = R∗ = 0.964 ± 0.018 R⊙). Kepler-20b is a 1.868-0.034 +0.006 planet in a 3.7 day period with a mass of 9.70-1.44 +1.41M⊕, resulting in a mean density of 8.2-1.3 +1.5, indicating a rocky composition with an iron-to-silicate ratio consistent with that of the Earth. This makes Kepler-20b the most massive planet with a rocky composition found to date. Furthermore, we report the discovery of an additional non-transiting planet with a minimum mass of 19.96-3.61 +3.08M⊕ and an orbital period of ∼34 days in the gap between Kepler-20f (P ∼ 11 days) and Kepler-20d (P ∼ 78 days).

KW - planetary systems

KW - planets and satellites: composition

KW - stars: individual

KW - techniques: radial velocities

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85009100612&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160

DO - 10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/160

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85009100612

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 152

JO - Astronomical Journal

JF - Astronomical Journal

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M1 - 160

ER -

A 1.9 EARTH RADIUS ROCKY PLANET and the DISCOVERY of A NON-TRANSITING PLANET in the KEPLER-20 SYSTEM

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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