TY - JOUR
T1 - Tetrabromobisphenol-A, hexabromocyclododecane and its degradation products in UK human milk: Relationship to external exposure
AU - Abdallah, M.A.E.
AU - Harrad, S.
PY - 2011/2
Y1 - 2011/2
N2 - Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and its degradation products were determined in 34 human milk samples from Birmingham, UK. TBBP-A was detected in 36% of samples (average = 0.06 ng g(-1) lw), with HBCDs detected in all samples (average Sigma HBCDs = 5.95 ng g(-1) lw). alpha-HBCD comprised 62-95% Sigma HBCDs while beta- and gamma-HBCD constituted 2-18% and 3-33% respectively. Enantioselective enrichment of (-)-alpha-HBCD (average enantiomer fraction = 0.29) was observed indicating potential enantioselectivity associated with HBCD absorption, metabolism and/or excretion. The degradation products pentabromocyclododecenes (average = 0.04 ng g(-1) lw; n =9) and tetrabromocyclododecadienes (average = 0.15 ng g(-1) lw; n = 25) were detected for the first time in human tissues. Average exposures of a nursing infant to Sigma HBCDs and TBBP-A (35 arid 1 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1) respectively) via breast milk exceeded upper-bound dietary intakes of both UK adults and toddlers. Using a simple pharmacokinetic model, intakes of UK adults via inhalation, diet and dust ingestion were converted to predicted body burdens. Predictions compared well with those observed for HBCDs but observed body burdens of TBBP-A exceeded predictions. This may indicate the human half-life of TBBP-A is greater than observed previously, that intakes may be underestimated, or that concentrations reported here reflect recent elevated episodic exposure. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
AB - Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and its degradation products were determined in 34 human milk samples from Birmingham, UK. TBBP-A was detected in 36% of samples (average = 0.06 ng g(-1) lw), with HBCDs detected in all samples (average Sigma HBCDs = 5.95 ng g(-1) lw). alpha-HBCD comprised 62-95% Sigma HBCDs while beta- and gamma-HBCD constituted 2-18% and 3-33% respectively. Enantioselective enrichment of (-)-alpha-HBCD (average enantiomer fraction = 0.29) was observed indicating potential enantioselectivity associated with HBCD absorption, metabolism and/or excretion. The degradation products pentabromocyclododecenes (average = 0.04 ng g(-1) lw; n =9) and tetrabromocyclododecadienes (average = 0.15 ng g(-1) lw; n = 25) were detected for the first time in human tissues. Average exposures of a nursing infant to Sigma HBCDs and TBBP-A (35 arid 1 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1) respectively) via breast milk exceeded upper-bound dietary intakes of both UK adults and toddlers. Using a simple pharmacokinetic model, intakes of UK adults via inhalation, diet and dust ingestion were converted to predicted body burdens. Predictions compared well with those observed for HBCDs but observed body burdens of TBBP-A exceeded predictions. This may indicate the human half-life of TBBP-A is greater than observed previously, that intakes may be underestimated, or that concentrations reported here reflect recent elevated episodic exposure. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
KW - TBBP-A
KW - Human breast milk
KW - Human exposure
KW - HBCD
KW - Degradation products
UR - http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=ORCID&SrcApp=OrcidOrg&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=WOS:000287620100018&KeyUID=WOS:000287620100018
U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.008
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.008
M3 - Article
C2 - 21167604
VL - 37
SP - 443
EP - 448
JO - Environment International
JF - Environment International
IS - 2
ER -