Surface rheological measurements of isolated food foam systems

Liquid foams represent a key component to a vast range of food industry products, from ice creams to the crema on coffee. Longevity of these foams is a highly desirable attribute; however, in order for foam stability to be effectively controlled, a better understanding of the interdependence of the bulk liquid and air-liquid interfacial rheologies is required. This study follows an increasing trend in experimental investigations made of isolated foam structures at the microscale, where the bulk and surface dynamics of a single foam liquid channel can be accurately assessed. Isolated foam channels with adjoining nodes were studied for aqueous solutions of four food grade surfactants. Existing observations of distortions to sodium dodecyl sulphate channel geometries were confirmed for solutions of Tween 20 (T20) and Tween 80 (T80) and were well described by the theory presented here. Moreover, previously unseen distortions to liquid channels were observed for polymeric surfactant systems (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and hydrolyzed pea protein blend), which were proposed to result from their high surface viscosities. The apparent surface viscosities, μ_s, of surfactants tested here ranged from high (10 g/s < μ_s < 10⁻³ g/s) for polymeric surfactants to very low (10⁻¹⁰ g/s < μ_s < 10⁻⁸ g/s) for Tweens, clearly demarking the regimes of viscous and inertial dominant flows, respectively. It is recommended that further work seeks to investigate the finding of a strong correlation between μ_s and channel surface tension, γ, for soluble surfactant systems, which could explain the apparent non-Newtonian values of μ_s that were consistently measured here.