Prospective modelling of 3D hyporheic exchange based on high-resolution topography and stream elevation

River managers and scientists interested in hyporheic processes need adequate tools for characterising hyporheic exchange flow (HEF) at local sites where only poor information on subsurface properties are available. This study evaluates a 3-D modelling approach, based on detailed surface parameterisation and a simplified subsurface structure, for comparison of potential HEF characteristics at three experimental reaches at the channel-unit scale. First, calibration is conducted to determine the best fit-of-heads given the model simplification; then the structure of residuals are used to evaluate the origin of the misfit, and finally a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify inter-site differences in HEF. Results show that such an approach can highlight potential magnitude differences in HEF characteristics between reaches. The sensitivity analysis is successful in delineating the small area of exchange that remains under conditions of high groundwater discharge. In this case, however, the calibrated model performs poorly in representing the exchange pattern at the sediment-water interface, thus suggesting that the approach is less adequate for a deterministic simulation of observed heads. The summary statistics are in the range of similar published models, for which the reported indicator is the root mean square error on heads normalised by the head drop over the reach. We recommend, however, that modellers use a more comparable indicator, such as a measure of the residuals normalised by a measure of observed vertical head differences. Overall, when subsurface data is unavailable or sparse, a 3-D groundwater model based on high-resolution topographic data combined with a sensitivity analysis appears as a useful tool for a preliminary characterisation of HEF. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.