Abstract
BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that olfactory identification (OI) deficits are a promising premorbid marker of transition from ultra-high risk (UHR) to schizophrenia, but not to psychotic illness more generally. Whether this remains the case at longer follow-up, and whether there is decline in OI ability are unclear.
METHOD: The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered to 81 participants at baseline (identification of risk for psychosis) and 254 individuals at follow-up. Forty-nine participants underwent UPSIT assessment at both time points. UPSIT scores were investigated at an average of 7.08years after identification of risk in relation to transition to psychosis, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and psychosocial/functional outcome.
RESULTS: UPSIT scores at baseline and follow-up did not differ between participants who transitioned to psychosis and those who did not. Similarly, there were no significant differences on UPSIT scores at baseline or follow-up between individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and transitioned individuals without schizophrenia. Those with a poor functional outcome showed significantly lower baseline UPSIT scores than participants with good outcome. There was no significant association between functional outcome and follow-up UPSIT scores. There were no significant changes in UPSIT over time for any group.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that impaired OI is not a good marker of the onset of psychosis and schizophrenia, but may differentiate UHR individuals who experience a poor functional outcome, regardless of transition status.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 156-62 |
Number of pages | 7 |
Journal | Schizophrenia Research |
Volume | 161 |
Issue number | 2-3 |
Early online date | 1 Dec 2014 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Feb 2015 |
Bibliographical note
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords
- Olfactory identification
- Olfaction
- Smell
- At-risk
- Ultra-high risk
- Psychosis
- Schizophrenia
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Longitudinal