Negative carbon isotope excursions: an interpretive framework

Pam Vervoort, Markus Adloff, Sarah Greene, Sandra Kirtland Turner*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

6 Citations (Scopus)
279 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Numerous negative carbon isotope excursions (nCIEs) in the geologic record occurring over 104–105 years are interpreted as episodes of massive carbon release. nCIEs help to illuminate the connection between past carbon cycling and climate variability. Theoretically, the size of a nCIE can be used to determine the mass of carbon released, provided that the carbon source is known or other environmental changes such as temperature or ocean pH can be constrained. A simple isotopic mass balance equation often serves as a first order estimate for the mass of carbon input, but this approach ignores the effects of negative carbon cycle-climate feedbacks. Here we show, using 432 earth system model simulations, that the mass of carbon release and associated environmental impacts for a nCIE of a given size and carbon source depend on the onset duration of that nCIE: the longer the nCIE onset duration, the greater the required carbon input in order to counterbalance the input of 13C-enriched carbon through carbonate compensation and weathering feedbacks. On timescales >103 years, these feedbacks remove carbon from the atmosphere so that the relative rise in atmospheric CO2 decreases with the nCIE onset duration. Consequently, the impacts on global temperature, surface ocean pH and saturation state are reduced if the nCIE has a long onset duration. The framework provided here demonstrates how constraints on the total nCIE duration and relative shape—together determining the onset duration—affect the interpretation of sedimentary nCIEs. Finally, we evaluate selected well-studied nCIEs, including the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (~54 Ma), the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (~56 Ma), and the Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event (~120 Ma), in the context of our model-based framework and show how modeled environmental changes can be used to narrow down the most likely carbon emissions scenarios.
Original languageEnglish
Article number085014
JournalEnvironmental Research Letters
Volume14
Issue number8
Early online date17 Jul 2019
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 14 Aug 2019

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
While working on this manuscript PV and SKT were supported by a Heising-Simons Foundation award, MA was funded by NERC GW4+ PhD studentship S136361, and SEG was funded by NERC Independent Research Fellowship NE/L011050/1 and NERC large grant NE/P01903X/1. We thank James Rae and an anonymous reviewer for suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Keywords

  • carbon cycle modeling
  • hyperthermals
  • negative carbon isotope excursions

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
  • Environmental Science(all)
  • Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment

Fingerprint

Dive into the research topics of 'Negative carbon isotope excursions: an interpretive framework'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.

Cite this