Validation of simulations of particulate, fluid and multiphase systems using positron emission particle tracking: A review

Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT) and numerical modelling each hold a distinct place in industrial research and development. Despite the ability of PEPT to provide detailed, accurate measurements, its high cost and limited availability often pose constraints. Numerical modelling, on the other hand, offers efficiency and cost-effectiveness, but relies heavily on rigorous validation for trustworthy results. This paper explores the symbiotic relationship between these two methods, focusing on a range of simulation models validated using PEPT. We highlight the shortcomings of earlier validation techniques and underscore the unique advantages of PEPT, from its precise tracking of complex systems to the development of novel correction methods, that enhance its robustness. We do, however, discuss some shortcomings of PEPT and areas of future research to enhance the technique. A series of diverse case studies attest to the accuracy and versatility of PEPT as a validation tool, demonstrating its ability to rigorously validate research outcomes. This review paper ultimately advocates for the expanded use of PEPT in industrial practice and academic research, envisaging it as an indispensable tool in the advancement of effective validation techniques.