Towards industrial robots as a service (IRaaS): Flexibility, usability, safety and business models

Achim Buerkle, William Eaton, Ali Al-Yacoub, Melanie Zimmer, Peter Kinnell, Michael Henshaw, Matthew Coombes, Wen Hua Chen, Niels Lohse*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

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Abstract

Industrial robots form an integral part of today's manufacturing industry, due to their high versatility, precision, and fatigue proof nature. Yet, many small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) still predominantly rely on manual labor. The main barriers that prevent SMEs from utilizing robots to a larger degree are described to be the large initial investment, uncertainty about costs (total cost of ownership), and lack of expertise. An opportunity to eliminate these barriers can be found in servitisation. While paradigms such as software as a service (SaaS) or Robot as a Service (RaaS) already exist, these focus mostly on software (functionality) via cloud computing. In this paper, a new paradigm based on software and hardware is proposed as Industrial Robots as a Service (IRaaS), which is composed of four elements: Flexibility (Plug and Produce, mobility), Usability (Easy Programming, Intuitive Interaction), Safety (Standards, Strategies), and Business Models (Time-based, Usage-based). To provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art a scoping survey is performed on each of the four key elements from an IRaaS perspective.

Original languageEnglish
Article number102484
Number of pages20
JournalRobotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
Volume81
Early online date16 Nov 2022
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2023

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Author(s)

Keywords

  • Business models
  • Human-robot interaction
  • Industrial-robots-as-a-service (IRaaS)
  • Robot programming
  • Robot safety
  • Robots-as-a-service (RaaS)

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Control and Systems Engineering
  • Software
  • General Mathematics
  • Computer Science Applications
  • Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

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