The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations − XMM-Newton observing plan − follow-up observations and simulation programme

M. Pierre; F. Pacaud; C. Adami; S. Alis; B. Altieri; B. Baran; C. Benoist; M. Birkinshaw; A. Bongiorno; M. N. Bremer; M. Brusa; A. Butler; P. Ciliegi; L. Chiappetti; N. Clerc; P. S. Corasaniti; J. Coupon; C. De Breuck; J. Democles; S. Desai; J. Delhaize; J. Devriendt; Y. Dubois; D. Eckert; A. Elyiv; S. Ettori; A. Evrard; L. Faccioli; A. Farahi; C. Ferrari; F. Finet; S. Fotopoulou; N. Fourmanoit; P. Gandhi; F. Gastaldello; R. Gastaud; I. Georgantopoulos; P. Giles; L. Guennou; V. Guglielmo; C. Horellou; K. Husband; M Huynh; A. Iovino; M. Kilbinger; E. Koulouridis; S. Lavoie; A. M. C. Le Brun; J. P. Le Fevre; C. Lidman; M. Lieu; C. A. Lin; A. Mantz; B. J. Maughan; S. Maurogordato; I. G. McCarthy; S. McGee; J. B. Melin; O. Melnyk; F. Menanteau; M. Novak; S. Paltani; M. Plionis; B. M. Poggianti; D. Pomarede; E. Pompei; T. J. Ponman; M. E. Ramos-Ceja; P. Ranalli; D. Rapetti; S. Raychaudury; T. H. Reiprich; H. Rottgering; E. Rozo; E. Rykoff; T. Sadibekova; J. Santos; J. L. Sauvageot; C. Schimd; M. Sereno; G. P. Smith; V. Smolčić; S. Snowden; D. Spergel; S. Stanford; J. Surdej; P. Valageas; A. Valotti; I. Valtchanov; C. Vignali; J. Willis; F. Ziparo

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526766

The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations − XMM-Newton observing plan − follow-up observations and simulation programme

M. Pierre, F. Pacaud, C. Adami, S. Alis, B. Altieri, B. Baran, C. Benoist, M. Birkinshaw, A. Bongiorno, M. N. Bremer, M. Brusa, A. Butler, P. Ciliegi, L. Chiappetti, N. Clerc, P. S. Corasaniti, J. Coupon, C. De Breuck, J. Democles, S. DesaiJ. Delhaize, J. Devriendt, Y. Dubois, D. Eckert, A. Elyiv, S. Ettori, A. Evrard, L. Faccioli, A. Farahi, C. Ferrari, F. Finet, S. Fotopoulou, N. Fourmanoit, P. Gandhi, F. Gastaldello, R. Gastaud, I. Georgantopoulos, P. Giles, L. Guennou, V. Guglielmo, C. Horellou, K. Husband, M Huynh, A. Iovino, M. Kilbinger, E. Koulouridis, S. Lavoie, A. M. C. Le Brun, J. P. Le Fevre, C. Lidman, M. Lieu, C. A. Lin, A. Mantz, B. J. Maughan, S. Maurogordato, I. G. McCarthy, S. McGee, J. B. Melin, O. Melnyk, F. Menanteau, M. Novak, S. Paltani, M. Plionis, B. M. Poggianti, D. Pomarede, E. Pompei, T. J. Ponman, M. E. Ramos-Ceja, P. Ranalli, D. Rapetti, S. Raychaudury, T. H. Reiprich, H. Rottgering, E. Rozo, E. Rykoff, T. Sadibekova, J. Santos, J. L. Sauvageot, C. Schimd, M. Sereno, G. P. Smith, V. Smolčić, S. Snowden, D. Spergel, S. Stanford, J. Surdej, P. Valageas, A. Valotti, I. Valtchanov, C. Vignali, J. Willis, F. Ziparo

Physics and Astronomy

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Abstract

Context. The quest for the cosmological parameters that describe our universe continues to motivate the scientific community to undertake very large survey initiatives across the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the past two decades, the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories have supported numerous studies of X-ray-selected clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and the X-ray background. The present paper is the first in a series reporting results of the XXL-XMM survey; it comes at a time when the Planck mission results are being finalised.

Aims. We present the XXL Survey, the largest XMM programme totaling some 6.9 Ms to date and involving an international consortium of roughly 100 members. The XXL Survey covers two extragalactic areas of 25 deg² each at a point-source sensitivity of ~5 × 10^-15 erg s^-1 cm^-2 in the [0.5−2] keV band (completeness limit). The survey’s main goals are to provide constraints on the dark energy equation of state from the space-time distribution of clusters of galaxies and to serve as a pathfinder for future, wide-area X-ray missions. We review science objectives, including cluster studies, AGN evolution, and large-scale structure, that are being conducted with the support of approximately 30 follow-up programmes.

Methods. We describe the 542 XMM observations along with the associated multi-λ and numerical simulation programmes. We give a detailed account of the X-ray processing steps and describe innovative tools being developed for the cosmological analysis.

Results. The paper provides a thorough evaluation of the X-ray data, including quality controls, photon statistics, exposure and background maps, and sky coverage. Source catalogue construction and multi-λ associations are briefly described. This material will be the basis for the calculation of the cluster and AGN selection functions, critical elements of the cosmological and science analyses.

Conclusions. The XXL multi-λ data set will have a unique lasting legacy value for cosmological and extragalactic studies and will serve as a calibration resource for future dark energy studies with clusters and other X-ray selected sources. With the present article, we release the XMM XXL photon and smoothed images along with the corresponding exposure maps.

Original language	English
Article number	A1
Number of pages	16
Journal	Astronomy and Astrophysics
Volume	592
Early online date	14 Dec 2015
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526766
Publication status	Published - Aug 2016

Keywords

X-rays: general
large-scale structure of Universe
X-rays: galaxies: clusters
surveys
astro-ph.CO
astro-ph.HE

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M_Pierre_XXL_Survey_Astronomy_Astrophysics_2015
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Birmingham Astrophysics : Consolidated Grant 2013-2016
Vecchio, A. (Principal Investigator), Ponman, T. (Co-Investigator), Freise, A. (Co-Investigator), Smith, G. (Co-Investigator), Speake, C. (Co-Investigator), Mandel, I. (Co-Investigator), Cruise, M. (Co-Investigator), Raychaudhury, S. (Co-Investigator) & Stevens, I. (Co-Investigator)
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL
1/04/13 → 30/09/16
Project: Research Councils

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Pierre, M., Pacaud, F., Adami, C., Alis, S., Altieri, B., Baran, B., Benoist, C., Birkinshaw, M., Bongiorno, A., Bremer, M. N., Brusa, M., Butler, A., Ciliegi, P., Chiappetti, L., Clerc, N., Corasaniti, P. S., Coupon, J., Breuck, C. D., Democles, J., ... Ziparo, F. (2016). The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations − XMM-Newton observing plan − follow-up observations and simulation programme. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 592, Article A1. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526766

@article{2f67e48427804877b891270ce6f67701,

title = "The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations − XMM-Newton observing plan − follow-up observations and simulation programme",

abstract = "Context. The quest for the cosmological parameters that describe our universe continues to motivate the scientific community to undertake very large survey initiatives across the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the past two decades, the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories have supported numerous studies of X-ray-selected clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and the X-ray background. The present paper is the first in a series reporting results of the XXL-XMM survey; it comes at a time when the Planck mission results are being finalised.Aims. We present the XXL Survey, the largest XMM programme totaling some 6.9 Ms to date and involving an international consortium of roughly 100 members. The XXL Survey covers two extragalactic areas of 25 deg2 each at a point-source sensitivity of ~5 × 10-15 erg s-1 cm-2 in the [0.5−2] keV band (completeness limit). The survey{\textquoteright}s main goals are to provide constraints on the dark energy equation of state from the space-time distribution of clusters of galaxies and to serve as a pathfinder for future, wide-area X-ray missions. We review science objectives, including cluster studies, AGN evolution, and large-scale structure, that are being conducted with the support of approximately 30 follow-up programmes.Methods. We describe the 542 XMM observations along with the associated multi-λ and numerical simulation programmes. We give a detailed account of the X-ray processing steps and describe innovative tools being developed for the cosmological analysis.Results. The paper provides a thorough evaluation of the X-ray data, including quality controls, photon statistics, exposure and background maps, and sky coverage. Source catalogue construction and multi-λ associations are briefly described. This material will be the basis for the calculation of the cluster and AGN selection functions, critical elements of the cosmological and science analyses.Conclusions. The XXL multi-λ data set will have a unique lasting legacy value for cosmological and extragalactic studies and will serve as a calibration resource for future dark energy studies with clusters and other X-ray selected sources. With the present article, we release the XMM XXL photon and smoothed images along with the corresponding exposure maps.",

keywords = "X-rays: general, large-scale structure of Universe, X-rays: galaxies: clusters, surveys, astro-ph.CO, astro-ph.HE",

author = "M. Pierre and F. Pacaud and C. Adami and S. Alis and B. Altieri and B. Baran and C. Benoist and M. Birkinshaw and A. Bongiorno and Bremer, {M. N.} and M. Brusa and A. Butler and P. Ciliegi and L. Chiappetti and N. Clerc and Corasaniti, {P. S.} and J. Coupon and Breuck, {C. De} and J. Democles and S. Desai and J. Delhaize and J. Devriendt and Y. Dubois and D. Eckert and A. Elyiv and S. Ettori and A. Evrard and L. Faccioli and A. Farahi and C. Ferrari and F. Finet and S. Fotopoulou and N. Fourmanoit and P. Gandhi and F. Gastaldello and R. Gastaud and I. Georgantopoulos and P. Giles and L. Guennou and V. Guglielmo and C. Horellou and K. Husband and M Huynh and A. Iovino and M. Kilbinger and E. Koulouridis and S. Lavoie and Brun, {A. M. C. Le} and Fevre, {J. P. Le} and C. Lidman and M. Lieu and Lin, {C. A.} and A. Mantz and Maughan, {B. J.} and S. Maurogordato and McCarthy, {I. G.} and S. McGee and Melin, {J. B.} and O. Melnyk and F. Menanteau and M. Novak and S. Paltani and M. Plionis and Poggianti, {B. M.} and D. Pomarede and E. Pompei and Ponman, {T. J.} and Ramos-Ceja, {M. E.} and P. Ranalli and D. Rapetti and S. Raychaudury and Reiprich, {T. H.} and H. Rottgering and E. Rozo and E. Rykoff and T. Sadibekova and J. Santos and Sauvageot, {J. L.} and C. Schimd and M. Sereno and Smith, {G. P.} and V. Smol{\v c}i{\'c} and S. Snowden and D. Spergel and S. Stanford and J. Surdej and P. Valageas and A. Valotti and I. Valtchanov and C. Vignali and J. Willis and F. Ziparo",

year = "2016",

month = aug,

doi = "10.1051/0004-6361/201526766",

language = "English",

volume = "592",

journal = "Astronomy and Astrophysics",

issn = "0004-6361",

publisher = "EDP Sciences",

}

Pierre, M, Pacaud, F, Adami, C, Alis, S, Altieri, B, Baran, B, Benoist, C, Birkinshaw, M, Bongiorno, A, Bremer, MN, Brusa, M, Butler, A, Ciliegi, P, Chiappetti, L, Clerc, N, Corasaniti, PS, Coupon, J, Breuck, CD, Democles, J, Desai, S, Delhaize, J, Devriendt, J, Dubois, Y, Eckert, D, Elyiv, A, Ettori, S, Evrard, A, Faccioli, L, Farahi, A, Ferrari, C, Finet, F, Fotopoulou, S, Fourmanoit, N, Gandhi, P, Gastaldello, F, Gastaud, R, Georgantopoulos, I, Giles, P, Guennou, L, Guglielmo, V, Horellou, C, Husband, K, Huynh, M, Iovino, A, Kilbinger, M, Koulouridis, E, Lavoie, S, Brun, AMCL, Fevre, JPL, Lidman, C, Lieu, M, Lin, CA, Mantz, A, Maughan, BJ, Maurogordato, S, McCarthy, IG, McGee, S, Melin, JB, Melnyk, O, Menanteau, F, Novak, M, Paltani, S, Plionis, M, Poggianti, BM, Pomarede, D, Pompei, E, Ponman, TJ, Ramos-Ceja, ME, Ranalli, P, Rapetti, D, Raychaudury, S, Reiprich, TH, Rottgering, H, Rozo, E, Rykoff, E, Sadibekova, T, Santos, J, Sauvageot, JL, Schimd, C, Sereno, M, Smith, GP, Smolčić, V, Snowden, S, Spergel, D, Stanford, S, Surdej, J, Valageas, P, Valotti, A, Valtchanov, I, Vignali, C, Willis, J & Ziparo, F 2016, 'The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations − XMM-Newton observing plan − follow-up observations and simulation programme', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 592, A1. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526766

TY - JOUR

T1 - The XXL Survey

T2 - I. Scientific motivations − XMM-Newton observing plan − follow-up observations and simulation programme

AU - Pierre, M.

AU - Pacaud, F.

AU - Adami, C.

AU - Alis, S.

AU - Altieri, B.

AU - Baran, B.

AU - Benoist, C.

AU - Birkinshaw, M.

AU - Bongiorno, A.

AU - Bremer, M. N.

AU - Brusa, M.

AU - Butler, A.

AU - Ciliegi, P.

AU - Chiappetti, L.

AU - Clerc, N.

AU - Corasaniti, P. S.

AU - Coupon, J.

AU - Breuck, C. De

AU - Democles, J.

AU - Desai, S.

AU - Delhaize, J.

AU - Devriendt, J.

AU - Dubois, Y.

AU - Eckert, D.

AU - Elyiv, A.

AU - Ettori, S.

AU - Evrard, A.

AU - Faccioli, L.

AU - Farahi, A.

AU - Ferrari, C.

AU - Finet, F.

AU - Fotopoulou, S.

AU - Fourmanoit, N.

AU - Gandhi, P.

AU - Gastaldello, F.

AU - Gastaud, R.

AU - Georgantopoulos, I.

AU - Giles, P.

AU - Guennou, L.

AU - Guglielmo, V.

AU - Horellou, C.

AU - Husband, K.

AU - Huynh, M

AU - Iovino, A.

AU - Kilbinger, M.

AU - Koulouridis, E.

AU - Lavoie, S.

AU - Brun, A. M. C. Le

AU - Fevre, J. P. Le

AU - Lidman, C.

AU - Lieu, M.

AU - Lin, C. A.

AU - Mantz, A.

AU - Maughan, B. J.

AU - Maurogordato, S.

AU - McCarthy, I. G.

AU - McGee, S.

AU - Melin, J. B.

AU - Melnyk, O.

AU - Menanteau, F.

AU - Novak, M.

AU - Paltani, S.

AU - Plionis, M.

AU - Poggianti, B. M.

AU - Pomarede, D.

AU - Pompei, E.

AU - Ponman, T. J.

AU - Ramos-Ceja, M. E.

AU - Ranalli, P.

AU - Rapetti, D.

AU - Raychaudury, S.

AU - Reiprich, T. H.

AU - Rottgering, H.

AU - Rozo, E.

AU - Rykoff, E.

AU - Sadibekova, T.

AU - Santos, J.

AU - Sauvageot, J. L.

AU - Schimd, C.

AU - Sereno, M.

AU - Smith, G. P.

AU - Smolčić, V.

AU - Snowden, S.

AU - Spergel, D.

AU - Stanford, S.

AU - Surdej, J.

AU - Valageas, P.

AU - Valotti, A.

AU - Valtchanov, I.

AU - Vignali, C.

AU - Willis, J.

AU - Ziparo, F.

PY - 2016/8

Y1 - 2016/8

N2 - Context. The quest for the cosmological parameters that describe our universe continues to motivate the scientific community to undertake very large survey initiatives across the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the past two decades, the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories have supported numerous studies of X-ray-selected clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and the X-ray background. The present paper is the first in a series reporting results of the XXL-XMM survey; it comes at a time when the Planck mission results are being finalised.Aims. We present the XXL Survey, the largest XMM programme totaling some 6.9 Ms to date and involving an international consortium of roughly 100 members. The XXL Survey covers two extragalactic areas of 25 deg2 each at a point-source sensitivity of ~5 × 10-15 erg s-1 cm-2 in the [0.5−2] keV band (completeness limit). The survey’s main goals are to provide constraints on the dark energy equation of state from the space-time distribution of clusters of galaxies and to serve as a pathfinder for future, wide-area X-ray missions. We review science objectives, including cluster studies, AGN evolution, and large-scale structure, that are being conducted with the support of approximately 30 follow-up programmes.Methods. We describe the 542 XMM observations along with the associated multi-λ and numerical simulation programmes. We give a detailed account of the X-ray processing steps and describe innovative tools being developed for the cosmological analysis.Results. The paper provides a thorough evaluation of the X-ray data, including quality controls, photon statistics, exposure and background maps, and sky coverage. Source catalogue construction and multi-λ associations are briefly described. This material will be the basis for the calculation of the cluster and AGN selection functions, critical elements of the cosmological and science analyses.Conclusions. The XXL multi-λ data set will have a unique lasting legacy value for cosmological and extragalactic studies and will serve as a calibration resource for future dark energy studies with clusters and other X-ray selected sources. With the present article, we release the XMM XXL photon and smoothed images along with the corresponding exposure maps.

AB - Context. The quest for the cosmological parameters that describe our universe continues to motivate the scientific community to undertake very large survey initiatives across the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the past two decades, the Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories have supported numerous studies of X-ray-selected clusters of galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and the X-ray background. The present paper is the first in a series reporting results of the XXL-XMM survey; it comes at a time when the Planck mission results are being finalised.Aims. We present the XXL Survey, the largest XMM programme totaling some 6.9 Ms to date and involving an international consortium of roughly 100 members. The XXL Survey covers two extragalactic areas of 25 deg2 each at a point-source sensitivity of ~5 × 10-15 erg s-1 cm-2 in the [0.5−2] keV band (completeness limit). The survey’s main goals are to provide constraints on the dark energy equation of state from the space-time distribution of clusters of galaxies and to serve as a pathfinder for future, wide-area X-ray missions. We review science objectives, including cluster studies, AGN evolution, and large-scale structure, that are being conducted with the support of approximately 30 follow-up programmes.Methods. We describe the 542 XMM observations along with the associated multi-λ and numerical simulation programmes. We give a detailed account of the X-ray processing steps and describe innovative tools being developed for the cosmological analysis.Results. The paper provides a thorough evaluation of the X-ray data, including quality controls, photon statistics, exposure and background maps, and sky coverage. Source catalogue construction and multi-λ associations are briefly described. This material will be the basis for the calculation of the cluster and AGN selection functions, critical elements of the cosmological and science analyses.Conclusions. The XXL multi-λ data set will have a unique lasting legacy value for cosmological and extragalactic studies and will serve as a calibration resource for future dark energy studies with clusters and other X-ray selected sources. With the present article, we release the XMM XXL photon and smoothed images along with the corresponding exposure maps.

KW - X-rays: general

KW - large-scale structure of Universe

KW - X-rays: galaxies: clusters

KW - surveys

KW - astro-ph.CO

KW - astro-ph.HE

U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/201526766

DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/201526766

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6361

VL - 592

JO - Astronomy and Astrophysics

JF - Astronomy and Astrophysics

M1 - A1

ER -

The XXL Survey: I. Scientific motivations − XMM-Newton observing plan − follow-up observations and simulation programme

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Keywords

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Birmingham Astrophysics : Consolidated Grant 2013-2016

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