The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R ⊕ Ultra-short-period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-mean-molecular-weight Atmosphere after the First Gigayear

Ryan A. Rubenzahl; Fei Dai; Andrew W. Howard; Jack J. Lissauer; Judah Van Zandt; Corey Beard; Steven Giacalone; Joseph M. Akana Murphy; Ashley Chontos; Jack Lubin; Casey L. Brinkman; Dakotah Tyler; Mason G. MacDougall; Malena Rice; Paul A. Dalba; Andrew W. Mayo; Lauren M. Weiss; Alex S. Polanski; Sarah Blunt; Samuel W. Yee; Michelle L. Hill; Isabel Angelo; Emma V. Turtelboom; Rae Holcomb; Aida Behmard; Daria Pidhorodetska; Natalie M. Batalha; Ian J. M. Crossfield; Courtney Dressing; Benjamin Fulton; Daniel Huber; Howard Isaacson; Stephen R. Kane; Erik A. Petigura; Paul Robertson; Nicholas Scarsdale; Teo Mocnik; Tara Fetherolf; Luca Malavolta; Annelies Mortier; Aldo Fiorenzano; Marco Pedani

doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad28bb

The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R ⊕ Ultra-short-period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-mean-molecular-weight Atmosphere after the First Gigayear

Ryan A. Rubenzahl^*, Fei Dai, Andrew W. Howard, Jack J. Lissauer, Judah Van Zandt, Corey Beard, Steven Giacalone, Joseph M. Akana Murphy, Ashley Chontos, Jack Lubin, Casey L. Brinkman, Dakotah Tyler, Mason G. MacDougall, Malena Rice, Paul A. Dalba, Andrew W. Mayo, Lauren M. Weiss, Alex S. Polanski, Sarah Blunt, Samuel W. YeeMichelle L. Hill, Isabel Angelo, Emma V. Turtelboom, Rae Holcomb, Aida Behmard, Daria Pidhorodetska, Natalie M. Batalha, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Courtney Dressing, Benjamin Fulton, Daniel Huber, Howard Isaacson, Stephen R. Kane, Erik A. Petigura, Paul Robertson, Nicholas Scarsdale, Teo Mocnik, Tara Fetherolf, Luca Malavolta, Annelies Mortier, Aldo Fiorenzano, Marco Pedani

^*Corresponding author for this work

Physics and Astronomy

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The extreme environments of ultra-short-period planets (USPs) make excellent laboratories to study how exoplanets obtain, lose, retain, and/or regain gaseous atmospheres. We present the confirmation and characterization of the USP TOI-1347 b, a 1.8±0.1 R_⊕ planet on a 0.85 day orbit that was detected with photometry from the TESS mission. We measured radial velocities of the TOI-1347 system using Keck/HIRES and HARPS-N and found the USP to be unusually massive at 11.1±1.2 M_⊕. The measured mass and radius of TOI-1347 b imply an Earth-like bulk composition. A thin H/He envelope (>0.01% by mass) can be ruled out at high confidence. The system is between 1 and 1.8 Gyr old; therefore, intensive photoevaporation should have concluded. We detected a tentative phase curve variation (3σ) and a secondary eclipse (2σ) in TESS photometry, which if confirmed could indicate the presence of a high-mean-molecular-weight atmosphere. We recommend additional optical and infrared observations to confirm the presence of an atmosphere and investigate its composition.

Original language	English
Article number	153
Number of pages	16
Journal	The Astronomical Journal
Volume	167
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad28bb
Publication status	Published - 14 Mar 2024

Bibliographical note

Acknowledgments
Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. Keck Observatory occupies the summit of Maunakea, a place of significant ecological, cultural, and spiritual importance within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We understand and embrace our accountability to Maunakea and the indigenous Hawaiian community, and commit to our role in long-term mutual stewardship. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from Maunakea.

This paper made use of data collected by the TESS mission and are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). All the TIC data used in this paper can be found in MAST in the TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List (STScI 2018). All the TESS data used in this paper from the TESS Light Curves—All Sectors page in MAST (MAST 2021). Data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive (NASA Exoplanet Archive 2023) can be found via its doi:10.26133/NEA1 Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This work is based also on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundación Galileo Galilei of the INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Some of the observations in this paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument 'Alopeke. 'Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. 'Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF's NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.

We thank the time assignment committees of the University of California, the California Institute of Technology, NASA, and the University of Hawaii for supporting the TESS-Keck Survey with observing time at Keck Observatory and on the Automated Planet Finder. We thank NASA for funding associated with our Key Strategic Mission Support project. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts and dedication of the Keck Observatory staff for support of HIRES and remote observing.

R.A.R. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE 1745301). M.R. acknowledges support from Heising-Simons grant #2023-4478. D.H. acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC21K0652) and the Australian Research Council (FT200100871)

Keywords

Radial velocity
Super Earths
Transit photometry
Exoplanet atmospheres
Exoplanet astronomy
Exoplanet detection methods

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RubenzahlR2024TESSFinal published version, 3.99 MBLicence: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY)

Cite this

Rubenzahl, R. A., Dai, F., Howard, A. W., Lissauer, J. J., Van Zandt, J., Beard, C., Giacalone, S., Murphy, J. M. A., Chontos, A., Lubin, J., Brinkman, C. L., Tyler, D., MacDougall, M. G., Rice, M., Dalba, P. A., Mayo, A. W., Weiss, L. M., Polanski, A. S., Blunt, S., ... Pedani, M. (2024). The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R ⊕ Ultra-short-period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-mean-molecular-weight Atmosphere after the First Gigayear. The Astronomical Journal, 167(4), Article 153. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad28bb

@article{780674a3a4ff44dbbcbdeeac748a2a86,

title = "The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R ⊕ Ultra-short-period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-mean-molecular-weight Atmosphere after the First Gigayear",

abstract = "The extreme environments of ultra-short-period planets (USPs) make excellent laboratories to study how exoplanets obtain, lose, retain, and/or regain gaseous atmospheres. We present the confirmation and characterization of the USP TOI-1347 b, a 1.8±0.1 R⊕ planet on a 0.85 day orbit that was detected with photometry from the TESS mission. We measured radial velocities of the TOI-1347 system using Keck/HIRES and HARPS-N and found the USP to be unusually massive at 11.1±1.2 M⊕. The measured mass and radius of TOI-1347 b imply an Earth-like bulk composition. A thin H/He envelope (>0.01% by mass) can be ruled out at high confidence. The system is between 1 and 1.8 Gyr old; therefore, intensive photoevaporation should have concluded. We detected a tentative phase curve variation (3σ) and a secondary eclipse (2σ) in TESS photometry, which if confirmed could indicate the presence of a high-mean-molecular-weight atmosphere. We recommend additional optical and infrared observations to confirm the presence of an atmosphere and investigate its composition.",

keywords = "Radial velocity, Super Earths, Transit photometry, Exoplanet atmospheres, Exoplanet astronomy, Exoplanet detection methods",

author = "Rubenzahl, {Ryan A.} and Fei Dai and Howard, {Andrew W.} and Lissauer, {Jack J.} and {Van Zandt}, Judah and Corey Beard and Steven Giacalone and Murphy, {Joseph M. Akana} and Ashley Chontos and Jack Lubin and Brinkman, {Casey L.} and Dakotah Tyler and MacDougall, {Mason G.} and Malena Rice and Dalba, {Paul A.} and Mayo, {Andrew W.} and Weiss, {Lauren M.} and Polanski, {Alex S.} and Sarah Blunt and Yee, {Samuel W.} and Hill, {Michelle L.} and Isabel Angelo and Turtelboom, {Emma V.} and Rae Holcomb and Aida Behmard and Daria Pidhorodetska and Batalha, {Natalie M.} and Crossfield, {Ian J. M.} and Courtney Dressing and Benjamin Fulton and Daniel Huber and Howard Isaacson and Kane, {Stephen R.} and Petigura, {Erik A.} and Paul Robertson and Nicholas Scarsdale and Teo Mocnik and Tara Fetherolf and Luca Malavolta and Annelies Mortier and Aldo Fiorenzano and Marco Pedani",

note = "Acknowledgments Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. Keck Observatory occupies the summit of Maunakea, a place of significant ecological, cultural, and spiritual importance within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We understand and embrace our accountability to Maunakea and the indigenous Hawaiian community, and commit to our role in long-term mutual stewardship. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from Maunakea. This paper made use of data collected by the TESS mission and are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). All the TIC data used in this paper can be found in MAST in the TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List (STScI 2018). All the TESS data used in this paper from the TESS Light Curves—All Sectors page in MAST (MAST 2021). Data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive (NASA Exoplanet Archive 2023) can be found via its doi:10.26133/NEA1 Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This work is based also on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundaci{\'o}n Galileo Galilei of the INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Some of the observations in this paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument 'Alopeke. 'Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. 'Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF's NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. We thank the time assignment committees of the University of California, the California Institute of Technology, NASA, and the University of Hawaii for supporting the TESS-Keck Survey with observing time at Keck Observatory and on the Automated Planet Finder. We thank NASA for funding associated with our Key Strategic Mission Support project. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts and dedication of the Keck Observatory staff for support of HIRES and remote observing. R.A.R. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE 1745301). M.R. acknowledges support from Heising-Simons grant #2023-4478. D.H. acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC21K0652) and the Australian Research Council (FT200100871)",

year = "2024",

month = mar,

day = "14",

doi = "10.3847/1538-3881/ad28bb",

language = "English",

volume = "167",

journal = "The Astronomical Journal",

issn = "0004-6256",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "4",

}

Rubenzahl, RA, Dai, F, Howard, AW, Lissauer, JJ, Van Zandt, J, Beard, C, Giacalone, S, Murphy, JMA, Chontos, A, Lubin, J, Brinkman, CL, Tyler, D, MacDougall, MG, Rice, M, Dalba, PA, Mayo, AW, Weiss, LM, Polanski, AS, Blunt, S, Yee, SW, Hill, ML, Angelo, I, Turtelboom, EV, Holcomb, R, Behmard, A, Pidhorodetska, D, Batalha, NM, Crossfield, IJM, Dressing, C, Fulton, B, Huber, D, Isaacson, H, Kane, SR, Petigura, EA, Robertson, P, Scarsdale, N, Mocnik, T, Fetherolf, T, Malavolta, L, Mortier, A, Fiorenzano, A & Pedani, M 2024, 'The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R ⊕ Ultra-short-period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-mean-molecular-weight Atmosphere after the First Gigayear', The Astronomical Journal, vol. 167, no. 4, 153. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad28bb

TY - JOUR

T1 - The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R ⊕ Ultra-short-period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-mean-molecular-weight Atmosphere after the First Gigayear

AU - Rubenzahl, Ryan A.

AU - Dai, Fei

AU - Howard, Andrew W.

AU - Lissauer, Jack J.

AU - Van Zandt, Judah

AU - Beard, Corey

AU - Giacalone, Steven

AU - Murphy, Joseph M. Akana

AU - Chontos, Ashley

AU - Lubin, Jack

AU - Brinkman, Casey L.

AU - Tyler, Dakotah

AU - MacDougall, Mason G.

AU - Rice, Malena

AU - Dalba, Paul A.

AU - Mayo, Andrew W.

AU - Weiss, Lauren M.

AU - Polanski, Alex S.

AU - Blunt, Sarah

AU - Yee, Samuel W.

AU - Hill, Michelle L.

AU - Angelo, Isabel

AU - Turtelboom, Emma V.

AU - Holcomb, Rae

AU - Behmard, Aida

AU - Pidhorodetska, Daria

AU - Batalha, Natalie M.

AU - Crossfield, Ian J. M.

AU - Dressing, Courtney

AU - Fulton, Benjamin

AU - Huber, Daniel

AU - Isaacson, Howard

AU - Kane, Stephen R.

AU - Petigura, Erik A.

AU - Robertson, Paul

AU - Scarsdale, Nicholas

AU - Mocnik, Teo

AU - Fetherolf, Tara

AU - Malavolta, Luca

AU - Mortier, Annelies

AU - Fiorenzano, Aldo

AU - Pedani, Marco

N1 - Acknowledgments Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. Keck Observatory occupies the summit of Maunakea, a place of significant ecological, cultural, and spiritual importance within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We understand and embrace our accountability to Maunakea and the indigenous Hawaiian community, and commit to our role in long-term mutual stewardship. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from Maunakea. This paper made use of data collected by the TESS mission and are publicly available from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) operated by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). All the TIC data used in this paper can be found in MAST in the TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List (STScI 2018). All the TESS data used in this paper from the TESS Light Curves—All Sectors page in MAST (MAST 2021). Data from the NASA Exoplanet Archive (NASA Exoplanet Archive 2023) can be found via its doi:10.26133/NEA1 Funding for the TESS mission is provided by NASA's Science Mission Directorate. We acknowledge the use of public TESS data from pipelines at the TESS Science Office and at the TESS Science Processing Operations Center. This work is based also on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated on the island of La Palma by the Fundación Galileo Galilei of the INAF (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica) at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias. Some of the observations in this paper made use of the High-Resolution Imaging instrument 'Alopeke. 'Alopeke was funded by the NASA Exoplanet Exploration Program and built at the NASA Ames Research Center by Steve B. Howell, Nic Scott, Elliott P. Horch, and Emmett Quigley. 'Alopeke was mounted on the Gemini North telescope of the international Gemini Observatory, a program of NSF's NOIRLab, which is managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. We thank the time assignment committees of the University of California, the California Institute of Technology, NASA, and the University of Hawaii for supporting the TESS-Keck Survey with observing time at Keck Observatory and on the Automated Planet Finder. We thank NASA for funding associated with our Key Strategic Mission Support project. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts and dedication of the Keck Observatory staff for support of HIRES and remote observing. R.A.R. acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through the Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE 1745301). M.R. acknowledges support from Heising-Simons grant #2023-4478. D.H. acknowledges support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC21K0652) and the Australian Research Council (FT200100871)

PY - 2024/3/14

Y1 - 2024/3/14

N2 - The extreme environments of ultra-short-period planets (USPs) make excellent laboratories to study how exoplanets obtain, lose, retain, and/or regain gaseous atmospheres. We present the confirmation and characterization of the USP TOI-1347 b, a 1.8±0.1 R⊕ planet on a 0.85 day orbit that was detected with photometry from the TESS mission. We measured radial velocities of the TOI-1347 system using Keck/HIRES and HARPS-N and found the USP to be unusually massive at 11.1±1.2 M⊕. The measured mass and radius of TOI-1347 b imply an Earth-like bulk composition. A thin H/He envelope (>0.01% by mass) can be ruled out at high confidence. The system is between 1 and 1.8 Gyr old; therefore, intensive photoevaporation should have concluded. We detected a tentative phase curve variation (3σ) and a secondary eclipse (2σ) in TESS photometry, which if confirmed could indicate the presence of a high-mean-molecular-weight atmosphere. We recommend additional optical and infrared observations to confirm the presence of an atmosphere and investigate its composition.

AB - The extreme environments of ultra-short-period planets (USPs) make excellent laboratories to study how exoplanets obtain, lose, retain, and/or regain gaseous atmospheres. We present the confirmation and characterization of the USP TOI-1347 b, a 1.8±0.1 R⊕ planet on a 0.85 day orbit that was detected with photometry from the TESS mission. We measured radial velocities of the TOI-1347 system using Keck/HIRES and HARPS-N and found the USP to be unusually massive at 11.1±1.2 M⊕. The measured mass and radius of TOI-1347 b imply an Earth-like bulk composition. A thin H/He envelope (>0.01% by mass) can be ruled out at high confidence. The system is between 1 and 1.8 Gyr old; therefore, intensive photoevaporation should have concluded. We detected a tentative phase curve variation (3σ) and a secondary eclipse (2σ) in TESS photometry, which if confirmed could indicate the presence of a high-mean-molecular-weight atmosphere. We recommend additional optical and infrared observations to confirm the presence of an atmosphere and investigate its composition.

KW - Radial velocity

KW - Super Earths

KW - Transit photometry

KW - Exoplanet atmospheres

KW - Exoplanet astronomy

KW - Exoplanet detection methods

U2 - 10.3847/1538-3881/ad28bb

DO - 10.3847/1538-3881/ad28bb

M3 - Article

SN - 0004-6256

VL - 167

JO - The Astronomical Journal

JF - The Astronomical Journal

IS - 4

M1 - 153

ER -

The TESS-Keck Survey. XII. A Dense 1.8 R ⊕ Ultra-short-period Planet Possibly Clinging to a High-mean-molecular-weight Atmosphere after the First Gigayear

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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