The effects of acclimation to reversed seasonal temperatures on the swimming performance of adult brown trout Salmo trutta

Adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) were acclimatised to and maintained at seasonal temperatures (5 degrees C in winter; 15 degrees C in summer) and acclimated to reversed seasonal temperatures (15 degrees C in winter; 5 degrees C in summer) while exposed to the natural (i.e. seasonally variable) photoperiod. The mean critical swimming speeds (U-crit) of animals acclimatised to the seasonal temperatures were similar, but more than 30% greater than those for fish acclimated to the reversed seasonal temperatures. The lower values of U-crit that accompanied acclimation to reversed seasonal temperatures appeared largely to result from the inability of white muscle to function maximally, since the concentrations of lactate and ammonia in white muscle of fish swum to U-crit at reversed seasonal temperatures were significantly lower than those in fish swum at seasonal temperatures. These observations, together with biochemical and morphometric attributes of muscle tissue, suggest that swimming ability is influenced, at least in part, by seasonal factors other than temperature. These data have important implications for the design of experiments using fish that experience predictable, usually seasonal, changes in their natural environment (temperature, dissolved oxygen, changes in water levels, etc.).