The effect of volume change and stack pressure on solid‐state battery cathodes

Boyang Liu; Shengda D. Pu; Christopher Doerrer; Dominic Spencer jolly; Robert A. House; Dominic L.R. Melvin; Paul Adamson; Patrick S. Grant; Xiangwen Gao; Peter G. Bruce

doi:10.1002/sus2.162

The effect of volume change and stack pressure on solid‐state battery cathodes

Boyang Liu
, Shengda D. Pu
, Christopher Doerrer
, Dominic Spencer jolly
, Robert A. House
, Dominic L.R. Melvin
, Paul Adamson
, Patrick S. Grant
, Xiangwen Gao^*
, Peter G. Bruce^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Metallurgy and Materials

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Solid-state lithium batteries may provide increased energy density and improved safety compared with Li-ion technology. However, in a solid-state composite cathode, mechanical degradation due to repeated cathode volume changes during cycling may occur, which may be partially mitigated by applying a significant, but often impractical, uniaxial stack pressure. Herein, we compare the behavior of composite electrodes based on Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) (negligible volume change) and Nb₂O₅ (+4% expansion) cycled at different stack pressures. The initial LTO capacity and retention are not affected by pressure but for Nb₂O₅, they are significantly lower when a stack pressure of <2 MPa is applied, due to inter-particle cracking and solid-solid contact loss because of cyclic volume changes. This work confirms the importance of cathode mechanical stability and the stack pressures for long-term cyclability for solid-state batteries. This suggests that low volume-change cathode materials or a proper buffer layer are required for solid-state batteries, especially at low stack pressures.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	721-728
Number of pages	8
Journal	SusMat
Volume	3
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.162
Publication status	Published - 8 Oct 2023

Bibliographical note

Acknowledgments:
Peter G. Bruce is indebted to the Henry Royce Institute SOLBAT (FIRG007 and FIRG008), as well as the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Enabling Next Generation Lithium Batteries (EP/M009521/1), and the Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials (EP/R0066X/1, EP/S019367/1, and EP/R010145/1) for financial support. Xiangwen Gao acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22309110).

Keywords

cathode
interface
mechanical degradation
stack pressure
solid-state battery

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Cite this

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title = "The effect of volume change and stack pressure on solid‐state battery cathodes",

abstract = "Solid-state lithium batteries may provide increased energy density and improved safety compared with Li-ion technology. However, in a solid-state composite cathode, mechanical degradation due to repeated cathode volume changes during cycling may occur, which may be partially mitigated by applying a significant, but often impractical, uniaxial stack pressure. Herein, we compare the behavior of composite electrodes based on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) (negligible volume change) and Nb2O5 (+4\% expansion) cycled at different stack pressures. The initial LTO capacity and retention are not affected by pressure but for Nb2O5, they are significantly lower when a stack pressure of <2 MPa is applied, due to inter-particle cracking and solid-solid contact loss because of cyclic volume changes. This work confirms the importance of cathode mechanical stability and the stack pressures for long-term cyclability for solid-state batteries. This suggests that low volume-change cathode materials or a proper buffer layer are required for solid-state batteries, especially at low stack pressures.",

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author = "Boyang Liu and Pu, \{Shengda D.\} and Christopher Doerrer and \{Spencer jolly\}, Dominic and House, \{Robert A.\} and Melvin, \{Dominic L.R.\} and Paul Adamson and Grant, \{Patrick S.\} and Xiangwen Gao and Bruce, \{Peter G.\}",

note = "Acknowledgments: Peter G. Bruce is indebted to the Henry Royce Institute SOLBAT (FIRG007 and FIRG008), as well as the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Enabling Next Generation Lithium Batteries (EP/M009521/1), and the Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials (EP/R0066X/1, EP/S019367/1, and EP/R010145/1) for financial support. Xiangwen Gao acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22309110).",

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AU - Liu, Boyang

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AU - House, Robert A.

AU - Melvin, Dominic L.R.

AU - Adamson, Paul

AU - Grant, Patrick S.

AU - Gao, Xiangwen

AU - Bruce, Peter G.

N1 - Acknowledgments: Peter G. Bruce is indebted to the Henry Royce Institute SOLBAT (FIRG007 and FIRG008), as well as the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Enabling Next Generation Lithium Batteries (EP/M009521/1), and the Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials (EP/R0066X/1, EP/S019367/1, and EP/R010145/1) for financial support. Xiangwen Gao acknowledges financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22309110).

PY - 2023/10/8

Y1 - 2023/10/8

N2 - Solid-state lithium batteries may provide increased energy density and improved safety compared with Li-ion technology. However, in a solid-state composite cathode, mechanical degradation due to repeated cathode volume changes during cycling may occur, which may be partially mitigated by applying a significant, but often impractical, uniaxial stack pressure. Herein, we compare the behavior of composite electrodes based on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) (negligible volume change) and Nb2O5 (+4% expansion) cycled at different stack pressures. The initial LTO capacity and retention are not affected by pressure but for Nb2O5, they are significantly lower when a stack pressure of <2 MPa is applied, due to inter-particle cracking and solid-solid contact loss because of cyclic volume changes. This work confirms the importance of cathode mechanical stability and the stack pressures for long-term cyclability for solid-state batteries. This suggests that low volume-change cathode materials or a proper buffer layer are required for solid-state batteries, especially at low stack pressures.

AB - Solid-state lithium batteries may provide increased energy density and improved safety compared with Li-ion technology. However, in a solid-state composite cathode, mechanical degradation due to repeated cathode volume changes during cycling may occur, which may be partially mitigated by applying a significant, but often impractical, uniaxial stack pressure. Herein, we compare the behavior of composite electrodes based on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) (negligible volume change) and Nb2O5 (+4% expansion) cycled at different stack pressures. The initial LTO capacity and retention are not affected by pressure but for Nb2O5, they are significantly lower when a stack pressure of <2 MPa is applied, due to inter-particle cracking and solid-solid contact loss because of cyclic volume changes. This work confirms the importance of cathode mechanical stability and the stack pressures for long-term cyclability for solid-state batteries. This suggests that low volume-change cathode materials or a proper buffer layer are required for solid-state batteries, especially at low stack pressures.

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KW - interface

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KW - stack pressure

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ER -

The effect of volume change and stack pressure on solid‐state battery cathodes

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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