Abstract
Three-electrode studies coupled with tomographic imaging of the Na/Na-β″-alumina interface reveal that voids form in the Na metal at the interface on stripping and they accumulate on cycling, leading to increasing interfacial current density, dendrite formation on plating, short circuit, and cell failure. The process occurs above a critical current for stripping (CCS) for a given stack pressure, which sets the upper limit on current density that avoids cell failure, in line with results for the Li/solid-electrolyte interface. The pressure required to avoid cell failure varies linearly with current density, indicating that Na creep rather than diffusion per se dominates Na transport to the interface and that significant pressures are required to prevent cell death, >9 MPa at 2.5
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 678-685 |
Number of pages | 8 |
Journal | ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces |
Volume | 12 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 8 Jan 2020 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:P.G.B. is indebted to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), including the SUPERGEN Energy Storage Hub [EP/L019469/1], Enabling Next Generation Lithium Batteries [EP/M009521/1], Henry Royce Institute for Advanced Materials [EP/R00661X/1, EP/S019367/1, EP/R010145/1] and the Faraday Institution All-Solid-State Batteries with Li and Na Anodes [FIRG007, FIRG008] for financial support. The X-ray tomography facilities were funded by EPSRC Grant [EP/M02833X/1] “University of Oxford: experimental equipment upgrade”. The authors thank Dr. Phil Holdway, Oxford Materials Characterization Service, for help with XPS measurements.
Publisher Copyright:
Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society.
Keywords
- interface
- metal anode
- pressure dependence
- solid electrolyte
- solid-state battery
- X-ray tomography
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General Materials Science