Robust modeling of the interline power flow controller and the generalized unified power flow controller with small impedances in power flow analysis

The interline power flow controller (IPFC) and the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) are two innovative configurations of the convertible static compensator (CSC) of FACTS. In this paper, direct modeling of the practical series or/and shunt operating inequality constraints of the IPFC and the GUPFC in power flow calculations are presented. Special initialization of a solution with the IPFC and GUPFC is also derived. Furthermore, an impedance compensation technique is proposed to deal with the numerical instability or the numerical difficulty of the IPFC and GUPFC models when either their coupling transformer impedances are too small or they are transformer-less controllers. Condition number analysis of the Newton power flow equations is given to get insights of the numerical instability of the voltage sourced models of the IPFC and GUPFC with small impedances. Numerical examples are given based on the IEEE 118-bus system, IEEE 300-bus system and a large scale system with 1000-buses.