Reversal of pathological features of graves' orbitopathy by activation of forkhead transcription factors, foxos

Context: Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is a disfiguring/distressing, inflammatory autoimmune condition. This intractable problem is caused by expansion of the orbital contents around the eye by excessive fat generation (adipogenesis) and overproduction of extracellular matrix components, especially hyaluronan (HA) from preadipocytes/fibroblasts (PFs). Current immunosuppressive/antiinflammatory treatments are largely ineffective and have unpleasant side effects, and a better therapeutic strategy through understanding GO-associated pathological features is needed. Objective: Previously we identified depot-specificHAsynthase 2 regulation (HAS2; major source of HA), which facilitates orbit-specific HA accumulation during adipogenesis, and targeting phosphatidylinositol- 3-kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin-complex-1 pathways blocked both pathological features. The current study revealed low expression levels of Forkhead boxO(FOXOs; critical downstream effectors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) in orbital PFs through adipogenesis compared with sc levels. We aimed to dissect the role of FOXOs in GO pathogenesis to identify nonimmunosuppressive targets for GO treatment. Design/Setting/Participants: Human orbital and sc primary PFs were treated with small interfering RNA/chemical inhibitor (AS1842856) of FOXOs or FOXO enhancer trifluoperazine hydrochloride (TFP; Food and Drug Administration approved drug), in serum-free medium for 24 hours, or TFP treatment in adipogenic medium for 15 days. Main Outcome Measures: Quantitative PCR was used to measure HAS2 transcripts and the terminal adipogenesis differentiation marker lipoprotein lipase. HA accumulation in the medium was measured by an ELISA. Results: Substantially increased or decreased HAS2/HA production was observed by inhibiting (small interferingRNAor chemical inhibitor) or enhancing (TFP)FOXOexpression, respectively. TFP treatment is also sufficient to counteract thyrotropin receptor-activated HAS2/HA production and block adipogenesis in orbital PFs. Conclusions: FOXOs play a crucial repressor role in the regulation of HAS2/HA production and adipogenesis in orbital PFs. Our data reveal for the first time that resetting GO-associated pathological features through drug-targeted activation of FOXOs could provide a feasible nonimmunosuppressive therapeutic strategy for GO.