Psychological antecedents of the frequency and intensity of flow in golfers

Extending previous qualitative research, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of pre-performance readiness factors, (pre-round confidence, positive thinking, motivation, level of relaxation, mental focus, and physical readiness) to post-game reports of the intensity and frequency of flow. One hundred and sixty three recreational golfers were administered a questionnaire which assessed pre-round readiness variables immediately before a round of golf, and flow frequency and intensity immediately before a round of golf, and flow frequency and intensity immediately after the round. Canonical correlation analyses indicated that pre-round readiness variable as well as golfer's skill level were significantly related to the experience of flow. Results point to the importance of pre-performance psychological state on the quality of the sport experience and underline the potential value of athletes' mastering self-regulation techniques.