Prevalence of drug-related problems and complementary and alternative medicine use in Malaysia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 37,249 older adults

Drug-related problems (DRPs) in the elderly include polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medications, nonadherence, and drug-related falls. In this systematic review and meta-anal-ysis, the prevalence of DRPs and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among the Malaysian elderly was estimated. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify studies published since their inception up to 24 August 2020. A random-effects model was used to generate the pooled prevalence of DRPs along with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). The heterogeneity of the results was estimated using the I² statistics, and Cochran’s Q test and sensitivity analyses were performed to confirm the robustness of the re-sults. We identified 526 studies, 23 of which were included in the meta-analysis. (n = 29,342). The pooled prevalence of DRPs among Malaysian elderly was as follows: (1) polypharmacy: 49.5% [95% CI: 20.5–78.6], (2) potentially inappropriate medications: 28.9% [95% CI: 25.4–32.3], (3) nonadher-ence to medications: 60.6% [95% CI: 50.2–70.9], and (4) medication-related falls 39.3% [95% CI: 0.0– 80.8]. Approximately one in two Malaysian elderly used CAM. The prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications among the Malaysian elderly population was high, calling for measures and evidence-based guidelines to ensure the safe medication use.