Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b

Taylor J. Bell; Nicolas Crouzet; Patricio E. Cubillos; Laura Kreidberg; Anjali A. A. Piette; Michael T. Roman; Joanna K. Barstow; Jasmina Blecic; Ludmila Carone; Louis-Philippe Coulombe; Elsa Ducrot; Mark Hammond; João M. Mendonça; Julianne I. Moses; Vivien Parmentier; Kevin B. Stevenson; Lucas Teinturier; Michael Zhang; Natalie M. Batalha; Jacob L. Bean; Björn Benneke; Benjamin Charnay; Katy L. Chubb; Brice-Olivier Demory; Peter Gao; Elspeth K. H. Lee; Mercedes López-Morales; Giuseppe Morello; Emily Rauscher; David K. Sing; Xianyu Tan; Olivia Venot; Hannah R. Wakeford; Keshav Aggarwal; Eva-Maria Ahrer; Munazza K. Alam; Robin Baeyens; David Barrado; Claudio Caceres; Aarynn L. Carter; Sarah L. Casewell; Ryan C. Challener; Ian J. M. Crossfield; Leen Decin; Jean-Michel Désert; Ian Dobbs-Dixon; Achrène Dyrek; Néstor Espinoza; Adina D. Feinstein; Neale P. Gibson; Joseph Harrington; Christiane Helling; Renyu Hu; Nicolas Iro; Eliza M. -R. Kempton; Sarah Kendrew; Thaddeus D. Komacek; Jessica Krick; Pierre-Olivier Lagage; Jérémy Leconte; Monika Lendl; Neil T. Lewis; Joshua D. Lothringer; Isaac Malsky; Luigi Mancini; Megan Mansfield; Nathan J. Mayne; Thomas Mikal-Evans; Karan Molaverdikhani; Nikolay K. Nikolov; Matthew C. Nixon; Enric Palle; Dominique J. M. Petit dit de la Roche; Caroline Piaulet; Diana Powell; Benjamin V. Rackham; Aaron D. Schneider; Maria E. Steinrueck; Jake Taylor; Luis Welbanks; Sergei N. Yurchenko; Xi Zhang; Sebastian Zieba

doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x

Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b

Taylor J. Bell, Nicolas Crouzet, Patricio E. Cubillos, Laura Kreidberg, Anjali A. A. Piette, Michael T. Roman, Joanna K. Barstow, Jasmina Blecic, Ludmila Carone, Louis-Philippe Coulombe, Elsa Ducrot, Mark Hammond, João M. Mendonça, Julianne I. Moses, Vivien Parmentier, Kevin B. Stevenson, Lucas Teinturier, Michael Zhang, Natalie M. Batalha, Jacob L. BeanBjörn Benneke, Benjamin Charnay, Katy L. Chubb, Brice-Olivier Demory, Peter Gao, Elspeth K. H. Lee, Mercedes López-Morales, Giuseppe Morello, Emily Rauscher, David K. Sing, Xianyu Tan, Olivia Venot, Hannah R. Wakeford, Keshav Aggarwal, Eva-Maria Ahrer, Munazza K. Alam, Robin Baeyens, David Barrado, Claudio Caceres, Aarynn L. Carter, Sarah L. Casewell, Ryan C. Challener, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Leen Decin, Jean-Michel Désert, Ian Dobbs-Dixon, Achrène Dyrek, Néstor Espinoza, Adina D. Feinstein, Neale P. Gibson, Joseph Harrington, Christiane Helling, Renyu Hu, Nicolas Iro, Eliza M. -R. Kempton, Sarah Kendrew, Thaddeus D. Komacek, Jessica Krick, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Jérémy Leconte, Monika Lendl, Neil T. Lewis, Joshua D. Lothringer, Isaac Malsky, Luigi Mancini, Megan Mansfield, Nathan J. Mayne, Thomas Mikal-Evans, Karan Molaverdikhani, Nikolay K. Nikolov, Matthew C. Nixon, Enric Palle, Dominique J. M. Petit dit de la Roche, Caroline Piaulet, Diana Powell, Benjamin V. Rackham, Aaron D. Schneider, Maria E. Steinrueck, Jake Taylor, Luis Welbanks, Sergei N. Yurchenko, Xi Zhang, Sebastian Zieba

Physics and Astronomy

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Abstract

Hot Jupiters are among the best-studied exoplanets, but it is still poorly understood how their chemical composition and cloud properties vary with longitude. Theoretical models predict that clouds may condense on the nightside and that molecular abundances can be driven out of equilibrium by zonal winds. Here we report a phase-resolved emission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b measured from 5-12 μm with JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). The spectra reveal a large day-night temperature contrast (with average brightness temperatures of 1524±35 and 863±23 Kelvin, respectively) and evidence for water absorption at all orbital phases. Comparisons with three-dimensional atmospheric models show that both the phase curve shape and emission spectra strongly suggest the presence of nightside clouds which become optically thick to thermal emission at pressures greater than ~100 mbar. The dayside is consistent with a cloudless atmosphere above the mid-infrared photosphere. Contrary to expectations from equilibrium chemistry but consistent with disequilibrium kinetics models, methane is not detected on the nightside (2σ upper limit of 1-6 parts per million, depending on model assumptions).

Original language	English
Publisher	Nature Research
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.13027
Publication status	Accepted/In press - 22 Feb 2024

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This preprint has been submitted to and accepted in principle for publication in Nature Astronomy without significant changes.

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Bell, T. J., Crouzet, N., Cubillos, P. E., Kreidberg, L., Piette, A. A. A., Roman, M. T., Barstow, J. K., Blecic, J., Carone, L., Coulombe, L.-P., Ducrot, E., Hammond, M., Mendonça, J. M., Moses, J. I., Parmentier, V., Stevenson, K. B., Teinturier, L., Zhang, M., Batalha, N. M., ... Zieba, S. (Accepted/In press). Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b. Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.13027

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title = "Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b",

abstract = "Hot Jupiters are among the best-studied exoplanets, but it is still poorly understood how their chemical composition and cloud properties vary with longitude. Theoretical models predict that clouds may condense on the nightside and that molecular abundances can be driven out of equilibrium by zonal winds. Here we report a phase-resolved emission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b measured from 5-12 μm with JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). The spectra reveal a large day-night temperature contrast (with average brightness temperatures of 1524±35 and 863±23 Kelvin, respectively) and evidence for water absorption at all orbital phases. Comparisons with three-dimensional atmospheric models show that both the phase curve shape and emission spectra strongly suggest the presence of nightside clouds which become optically thick to thermal emission at pressures greater than ~100 mbar. The dayside is consistent with a cloudless atmosphere above the mid-infrared photosphere. Contrary to expectations from equilibrium chemistry but consistent with disequilibrium kinetics models, methane is not detected on the nightside (2σ upper limit of 1-6 parts per million, depending on model assumptions).",

author = "Bell, {Taylor J.} and Nicolas Crouzet and Cubillos, {Patricio E.} and Laura Kreidberg and Piette, {Anjali A. A.} and Roman, {Michael T.} and Barstow, {Joanna K.} and Jasmina Blecic and Ludmila Carone and Louis-Philippe Coulombe and Elsa Ducrot and Mark Hammond and Mendon{\c c}a, {Jo{\~a}o M.} and Moses, {Julianne I.} and Vivien Parmentier and Stevenson, {Kevin B.} and Lucas Teinturier and Michael Zhang and Batalha, {Natalie M.} and Bean, {Jacob L.} and Bj{\"o}rn Benneke and Benjamin Charnay and Chubb, {Katy L.} and Brice-Olivier Demory and Peter Gao and Lee, {Elspeth K. H.} and Mercedes L{\'o}pez-Morales and Giuseppe Morello and Emily Rauscher and Sing, {David K.} and Xianyu Tan and Olivia Venot and Wakeford, {Hannah R.} and Keshav Aggarwal and Eva-Maria Ahrer and Alam, {Munazza K.} and Robin Baeyens and David Barrado and Claudio Caceres and Carter, {Aarynn L.} and Casewell, {Sarah L.} and Challener, {Ryan C.} and Crossfield, {Ian J. M.} and Leen Decin and Jean-Michel D{\'e}sert and Ian Dobbs-Dixon and Achr{\`e}ne Dyrek and N{\'e}stor Espinoza and Feinstein, {Adina D.} and Gibson, {Neale P.} and Joseph Harrington and Christiane Helling and Renyu Hu and Nicolas Iro and Kempton, {Eliza M. -R.} and Sarah Kendrew and Komacek, {Thaddeus D.} and Jessica Krick and Pierre-Olivier Lagage and J{\'e}r{\'e}my Leconte and Monika Lendl and Lewis, {Neil T.} and Lothringer, {Joshua D.} and Isaac Malsky and Luigi Mancini and Megan Mansfield and Mayne, {Nathan J.} and Thomas Mikal-Evans and Karan Molaverdikhani and Nikolov, {Nikolay K.} and Nixon, {Matthew C.} and Enric Palle and Roche, {Dominique J. M. Petit dit de la} and Caroline Piaulet and Diana Powell and Rackham, {Benjamin V.} and Schneider, {Aaron D.} and Steinrueck, {Maria E.} and Jake Taylor and Luis Welbanks and Yurchenko, {Sergei N.} and Xi Zhang and Sebastian Zieba",

note = "This preprint has been submitted to and accepted in principle for publication in Nature Astronomy without significant changes.",

year = "2024",

month = feb,

day = "22",

doi = "10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x",

language = "English",

publisher = "Nature Research",

address = "United Kingdom",

type = "WorkingPaper",

institution = "Nature Research",

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Bell, TJ, Crouzet, N, Cubillos, PE, Kreidberg, L, Piette, AAA, Roman, MT, Barstow, JK, Blecic, J, Carone, L, Coulombe, L-P, Ducrot, E, Hammond, M, Mendonça, JM, Moses, JI, Parmentier, V, Stevenson, KB, Teinturier, L, Zhang, M, Batalha, NM, Bean, JL, Benneke, B, Charnay, B, Chubb, KL, Demory, B-O, Gao, P, Lee, EKH, López-Morales, M, Morello, G, Rauscher, E, Sing, DK, Tan, X, Venot, O, Wakeford, HR, Aggarwal, K, Ahrer, E-M, Alam, MK, Baeyens, R, Barrado, D, Caceres, C, Carter, AL, Casewell, SL, Challener, RC, Crossfield, IJM, Decin, L, Désert, J-M, Dobbs-Dixon, I, Dyrek, A, Espinoza, N, Feinstein, AD, Gibson, NP, Harrington, J, Helling, C, Hu, R, Iro, N, Kempton, EM-R, Kendrew, S, Komacek, TD, Krick, J, Lagage, P-O, Leconte, J, Lendl, M, Lewis, NT, Lothringer, JD, Malsky, I, Mancini, L, Mansfield, M, Mayne, NJ, Mikal-Evans, T, Molaverdikhani, K, Nikolov, NK, Nixon, MC, Palle, E, Roche, DJMPDDL, Piaulet, C, Powell, D, Rackham, BV, Schneider, AD, Steinrueck, ME, Taylor, J, Welbanks, L, Yurchenko, SN, Zhang, X & Zieba, S 2024 'Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b' Nature Research. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.13027

TY - UNPB

T1 - Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b

AU - Bell, Taylor J.

AU - Crouzet, Nicolas

AU - Cubillos, Patricio E.

AU - Kreidberg, Laura

AU - Piette, Anjali A. A.

AU - Roman, Michael T.

AU - Barstow, Joanna K.

AU - Blecic, Jasmina

AU - Carone, Ludmila

AU - Coulombe, Louis-Philippe

AU - Ducrot, Elsa

AU - Hammond, Mark

AU - Mendonça, João M.

AU - Moses, Julianne I.

AU - Parmentier, Vivien

AU - Stevenson, Kevin B.

AU - Teinturier, Lucas

AU - Zhang, Michael

AU - Batalha, Natalie M.

AU - Bean, Jacob L.

AU - Benneke, Björn

AU - Charnay, Benjamin

AU - Chubb, Katy L.

AU - Demory, Brice-Olivier

AU - Gao, Peter

AU - Lee, Elspeth K. H.

AU - López-Morales, Mercedes

AU - Morello, Giuseppe

AU - Rauscher, Emily

AU - Sing, David K.

AU - Tan, Xianyu

AU - Venot, Olivia

AU - Wakeford, Hannah R.

AU - Aggarwal, Keshav

AU - Ahrer, Eva-Maria

AU - Alam, Munazza K.

AU - Baeyens, Robin

AU - Barrado, David

AU - Caceres, Claudio

AU - Carter, Aarynn L.

AU - Casewell, Sarah L.

AU - Challener, Ryan C.

AU - Crossfield, Ian J. M.

AU - Decin, Leen

AU - Désert, Jean-Michel

AU - Dobbs-Dixon, Ian

AU - Dyrek, Achrène

AU - Espinoza, Néstor

AU - Feinstein, Adina D.

AU - Gibson, Neale P.

AU - Harrington, Joseph

AU - Helling, Christiane

AU - Hu, Renyu

AU - Iro, Nicolas

AU - Kempton, Eliza M. -R.

AU - Kendrew, Sarah

AU - Komacek, Thaddeus D.

AU - Krick, Jessica

AU - Lagage, Pierre-Olivier

AU - Leconte, Jérémy

AU - Lendl, Monika

AU - Lewis, Neil T.

AU - Lothringer, Joshua D.

AU - Malsky, Isaac

AU - Mancini, Luigi

AU - Mansfield, Megan

AU - Mayne, Nathan J.

AU - Mikal-Evans, Thomas

AU - Molaverdikhani, Karan

AU - Nikolov, Nikolay K.

AU - Nixon, Matthew C.

AU - Palle, Enric

AU - Roche, Dominique J. M. Petit dit de la

AU - Piaulet, Caroline

AU - Powell, Diana

AU - Rackham, Benjamin V.

AU - Schneider, Aaron D.

AU - Steinrueck, Maria E.

AU - Taylor, Jake

AU - Welbanks, Luis

AU - Yurchenko, Sergei N.

AU - Zhang, Xi

AU - Zieba, Sebastian

N1 - This preprint has been submitted to and accepted in principle for publication in Nature Astronomy without significant changes.

PY - 2024/2/22

Y1 - 2024/2/22

N2 - Hot Jupiters are among the best-studied exoplanets, but it is still poorly understood how their chemical composition and cloud properties vary with longitude. Theoretical models predict that clouds may condense on the nightside and that molecular abundances can be driven out of equilibrium by zonal winds. Here we report a phase-resolved emission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b measured from 5-12 μm with JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). The spectra reveal a large day-night temperature contrast (with average brightness temperatures of 1524±35 and 863±23 Kelvin, respectively) and evidence for water absorption at all orbital phases. Comparisons with three-dimensional atmospheric models show that both the phase curve shape and emission spectra strongly suggest the presence of nightside clouds which become optically thick to thermal emission at pressures greater than ~100 mbar. The dayside is consistent with a cloudless atmosphere above the mid-infrared photosphere. Contrary to expectations from equilibrium chemistry but consistent with disequilibrium kinetics models, methane is not detected on the nightside (2σ upper limit of 1-6 parts per million, depending on model assumptions).

AB - Hot Jupiters are among the best-studied exoplanets, but it is still poorly understood how their chemical composition and cloud properties vary with longitude. Theoretical models predict that clouds may condense on the nightside and that molecular abundances can be driven out of equilibrium by zonal winds. Here we report a phase-resolved emission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b measured from 5-12 μm with JWST's Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). The spectra reveal a large day-night temperature contrast (with average brightness temperatures of 1524±35 and 863±23 Kelvin, respectively) and evidence for water absorption at all orbital phases. Comparisons with three-dimensional atmospheric models show that both the phase curve shape and emission spectra strongly suggest the presence of nightside clouds which become optically thick to thermal emission at pressures greater than ~100 mbar. The dayside is consistent with a cloudless atmosphere above the mid-infrared photosphere. Contrary to expectations from equilibrium chemistry but consistent with disequilibrium kinetics models, methane is not detected on the nightside (2σ upper limit of 1-6 parts per million, depending on model assumptions).

U2 - 10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x

DO - 10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x

M3 - Preprint

BT - Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b

PB - Nature Research

ER -

Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b

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