Methyltransferase-directed covalent coupling of fluorophores to DNA

We report an assay for determining the number of fluorophores conjugated to single plasmid DNA molecules and apply this to compare the efficiency of fluorophore coupling chemistries for covalent DNA labelling. We compare the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, the amine to N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester coupling reaction and the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction for fluorescent DNA labelling. We found increased labelling efficiency going from the amine to N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester chemistry to copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and found the highest degree of DNA labelling with the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. We also examined the effect of labelling on the DNA structure using atomic force microscopy. We observe no distortions or damage of the DNA that was labeled using the amine to N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester and strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition coupling reactions. This was in contrast to the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, which, despite the use of copper-coordinating ligands in the labelling mixture, leads to some structural DNA damage (single-stranded DNA breaks).