Insulin for type 2 diabetes: choosing a second-line insulin regimen

Guidance has been published on the choice of initial insulin regimen for patients with type 2 diabetes [NPH (isophane) insulin or a long-acting insulin analogue] but not on how to choose a second regimen when glycaemic control becomes unsatisfactory. Aims: To develop pragmatic clinical guidance for choosing a second-line insulin regimen tailored to the individual needs of patients with type 2 diabetes after failure of first-line insulin therapy. Methods: Formulation of a consensus by expert panel based on published evidence and best clinical practice, taking into account patient preferences, lifestyle and functional capacity. Results: Six patient-dependent factors relevant to the choice of second-line insulin regimen and three alternative insulin regimens (twice-daily premixed, basal-plus and basal-bolus) were identified. The panel recommended one or more insulin regimens compatible with each factor, emphasising the fundamental importance of a healthy lifestyle that includes exercise and weight reduction. These recommendations were incorporated into an algorithm to provide pragmatic guidance for clinicians. Conclusion: The three alternative insulin regimens offer different benefits and drawbacks and it is important to make the right choice to optimise outcomes for patients.