Influence of Particle Size and Mass Loading of Hard Carbon on Sodium Ion Battery Rate Performance in Industrially Relevant Full Cells

Christopher Constable; Fazlil Coowar; Mark Copley; Emma Kendrick; Claire Dancer; Ivana Hasa

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ad2590

Influence of Particle Size and Mass Loading of Hard Carbon on Sodium Ion Battery Rate Performance in Industrially Relevant Full Cells

Christopher Constable^*, Fazlil Coowar, Mark Copley, Emma Kendrick, Claire Dancer, Ivana Hasa

^*Corresponding author for this work

Metallurgy and Materials

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a great opportunity for stationary storage, back-up power supply and light electric vehicle applications. Energy and power requirements for these applications needs to be satisfied. Beside material improvement, electrode microstructure plays a critical role. Herein, the influence of hard carbon (HC) particle size and mass loading on the rate performance have been comprehensively investigated. This work analyses the relative contribution of ionic resistance within the porous electrode (R_ion) in SIB full cells employing relevant mass loadings. R_ion was obtained by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to symmetrical cells and by fitting a transmission line model (TLM) under “blocking” conditions. The relative contribution of R_ion arising from HC electrodes was further compared to the charge transfer resistance (RCT) in full cell configuration utilising a three-electrode cell under “non-blocking” conditions. Results illustrate mass loading to be as far more influential on cell rate performance compared to the two particle sizes analyzed. The three-electrode study reveals the contribution of R_ion to be greater than that of RCT at high mass loadings and high states of charge for the HC electrode and elucidates that the gravimetric and volumetric discharge capacity of cells is limited by the layered oxide cathode and HC electrode respectively.

Original language	English
Article number	023506
Number of pages	12
Journal	Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Volume	171
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ad2590
Publication status	Published - 23 Feb 2024

Bibliographical note

Acknowledgments:
The authors would like to acknowledge the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing (EP/L016389/1) and Faradion Ltd for funding this research. IH and CC would also like to thank Ruth Sayers for her feedback and guidance on the manuscript and James Whitley for assisting in electrode fabrication at Faradion.

Keywords

impedance spectroscopy
particle size
transmission line model
mass loading
hard carbon anode
sodium-ion batteries

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Cite this

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title = "Influence of Particle Size and Mass Loading of Hard Carbon on Sodium Ion Battery Rate Performance in Industrially Relevant Full Cells",

abstract = "Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a great opportunity for stationary storage, back-up power supply and light electric vehicle applications. Energy and power requirements for these applications needs to be satisfied. Beside material improvement, electrode microstructure plays a critical role. Herein, the influence of hard carbon (HC) particle size and mass loading on the rate performance have been comprehensively investigated. This work analyses the relative contribution of ionic resistance within the porous electrode (Rion) in SIB full cells employing relevant mass loadings. Rion was obtained by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to symmetrical cells and by fitting a transmission line model (TLM) under “blocking” conditions. The relative contribution of Rion arising from HC electrodes was further compared to the charge transfer resistance (RCT) in full cell configuration utilising a three-electrode cell under “non-blocking” conditions. Results illustrate mass loading to be as far more influential on cell rate performance compared to the two particle sizes analyzed. The three-electrode study reveals the contribution of Rion to be greater than that of RCT at high mass loadings and high states of charge for the HC electrode and elucidates that the gravimetric and volumetric discharge capacity of cells is limited by the layered oxide cathode and HC electrode respectively.",

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author = "Christopher Constable and Fazlil Coowar and Mark Copley and Emma Kendrick and Claire Dancer and Ivana Hasa",

note = "Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing (EP/L016389/1) and Faradion Ltd for funding this research. IH and CC would also like to thank Ruth Sayers for her feedback and guidance on the manuscript and James Whitley for assisting in electrode fabrication at Faradion.",

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AU - Kendrick, Emma

AU - Dancer, Claire

AU - Hasa, Ivana

N1 - Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Materials and Manufacturing (EP/L016389/1) and Faradion Ltd for funding this research. IH and CC would also like to thank Ruth Sayers for her feedback and guidance on the manuscript and James Whitley for assisting in electrode fabrication at Faradion.

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N2 - Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a great opportunity for stationary storage, back-up power supply and light electric vehicle applications. Energy and power requirements for these applications needs to be satisfied. Beside material improvement, electrode microstructure plays a critical role. Herein, the influence of hard carbon (HC) particle size and mass loading on the rate performance have been comprehensively investigated. This work analyses the relative contribution of ionic resistance within the porous electrode (Rion) in SIB full cells employing relevant mass loadings. Rion was obtained by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to symmetrical cells and by fitting a transmission line model (TLM) under “blocking” conditions. The relative contribution of Rion arising from HC electrodes was further compared to the charge transfer resistance (RCT) in full cell configuration utilising a three-electrode cell under “non-blocking” conditions. Results illustrate mass loading to be as far more influential on cell rate performance compared to the two particle sizes analyzed. The three-electrode study reveals the contribution of Rion to be greater than that of RCT at high mass loadings and high states of charge for the HC electrode and elucidates that the gravimetric and volumetric discharge capacity of cells is limited by the layered oxide cathode and HC electrode respectively.

AB - Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) represent a great opportunity for stationary storage, back-up power supply and light electric vehicle applications. Energy and power requirements for these applications needs to be satisfied. Beside material improvement, electrode microstructure plays a critical role. Herein, the influence of hard carbon (HC) particle size and mass loading on the rate performance have been comprehensively investigated. This work analyses the relative contribution of ionic resistance within the porous electrode (Rion) in SIB full cells employing relevant mass loadings. Rion was obtained by applying electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to symmetrical cells and by fitting a transmission line model (TLM) under “blocking” conditions. The relative contribution of Rion arising from HC electrodes was further compared to the charge transfer resistance (RCT) in full cell configuration utilising a three-electrode cell under “non-blocking” conditions. Results illustrate mass loading to be as far more influential on cell rate performance compared to the two particle sizes analyzed. The three-electrode study reveals the contribution of Rion to be greater than that of RCT at high mass loadings and high states of charge for the HC electrode and elucidates that the gravimetric and volumetric discharge capacity of cells is limited by the layered oxide cathode and HC electrode respectively.

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KW - transmission line model

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Influence of Particle Size and Mass Loading of Hard Carbon on Sodium Ion Battery Rate Performance in Industrially Relevant Full Cells

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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