Harnessing nuclear localisation pathways for transgene delivery

Inefficient transport of DNA from the cytoplasm into the nucleus remains a limiting step in the development of non-viral gene delivery systems, This is particularly acute ill non-dividing cells, where entry to the nucleus is thought to occur only through the nuclear pore complex. Active import of physiological proteins is mediated by nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) within cargo proteins such as transcription factors. Here we review current knowledge of this import machinery and consider its exploitation by mammalian viruses. Significant research effort has been directed at incorporating NLSs into synthetic gene delivery systems to take advantage of this physiological pathway. Both non-covalent and covalent methods of conjugation are evaluated, with NLS linkage to both DNA and carrier, end compared with activities of simple cationic polymers. Finally, progress in the field of DNA sequence-specific nuclear import is examined and the current state of the technology assessed.