Flightlessness and the energetic cost of wing molt in a large sea duck

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• flightlessness 100%
• molt 72%
• energetics 48%
• diving 34%
• bird 31%
• sea 28%
• cost 27%
• flight 19%
• feather 18%
• energy saving 16%
• rate 14%
• hydrostatic pressure 8%
• energy demand 8%
• annual cycle 8%
• expenditure 7%
• predation 7%
• cavity 6%
• replacement 6%
• energy 3%

Agriculture & Biology

• ducks 53%
• molting 50%
• Somateria mollissima 22%
• resting metabolic rate 19%
• duration 19%
• flight 19%
• birds 18%
• feathers 15%
• heart rate 13%
• energy 13%
• foraging 12%
• body cavities 9%
• hydrostatic pressure 8%
• wild birds 8%
• energy expenditure 8%
• buffers 6%
• predation 6%