First-order perturbation theory of eigenmodes for systems with interfaces

We present an exact first-order perturbation theory for eigenmodes in systems with interfaces causing material discontinuities. We show that when interfaces deform, higher-order terms of the perturbation series can contribute to the eigenmode frequencies in first order in the deformation depth. In such cases, the first-order approximation is different from the usual diagonal approximation and its single-mode result. Extracting additional first-order corrections from all higher-order terms enables us to recover the diagonal formalism in a modified form. A general formula for the single-mode first-order correction to electromagnetic eigenmodes in systems with interfaces is derived, capable of treating dispersive, magnetic, and chiral materials of arbitrary shape.