Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry

I. Kopsalis; P. Allport; S. Benhammadi; R. Bosley; J. Dopke; L. Fasselt; S. Flynn; P. Freeman; L. Gonella; N. Guerrini; C. Issever; K. Nikolopoulos; P. Phillips; T. Price; I. Sedgwick; E. G. Villani; M. Warren; N. K. Watson; H. Weber; F. Wilson; A. Winter; S. Worm; Z. Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2022.166955

Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry

I. Kopsalis^*, P. Allport, S. Benhammadi, R. Bosley, J. Dopke, L. Fasselt, S. Flynn, P. Freeman, L. Gonella, N. Guerrini, C. Issever, K. Nikolopoulos, P. Phillips, T. Price, I. Sedgwick, E. G. Villani, M. Warren, N. K. Watson, H. Weber, F. WilsonA. Winter, S. Worm, Z. Zhang

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

The DECAL sensor is a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor (DMAPS) being developed to explore technological solutions for digital electromagnetic calorimeters. For this application, the number of pixels above threshold is used to estimate the shower energy and therefore the pixel size is required to be sufficiently small to avoid hit saturation. The DECAL and DECAL Fully Depleted (FD) sensors have been designed and fabricated in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS standard and modified imaging processes, respectively. The latter uses modifications to the implant configuration that improve charge collection and radiation hardness, including to the levels required for barrel ECAL regions of FCC-hh (few 10¹⁵ n_eq/cm²). Both DECAL variants feature a matrix of 64 × 64 pixels with a pitch of 55μm, read out every 25 ns. For DECAL FD, the logic has been modified to extend the in-pixel comparator threshold trim range from five to six bits, with the sixth bit used to de-activate the comparator. Characterisation results for the DECAL FD, including the pixel equalisation matrix, threshold scans testing under monochromatic X-rays and ⁹⁰Sr source, are presented.

Original language	English
Article number	166955
Number of pages	4
Journal	Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
Volume	1038
Early online date	8 Jun 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166955
Publication status	Published - 1 Sept 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We thank Sion Richards and Matt Wilson for granting access and providing support to the X-ray tube facilities of the Technology Department at STFC-RAL. The authors gratefully acknowledge, the project funding received from the UK Research and Innovation - STFC Grant no. ST/N002911/1 , the Birmingham Particle Physics Consolidated Grants: ST/N000463/1 , ST/N001125/1 , ST/P005888/1 and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 654168 .

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Keywords

Depleted MAPS
Digital calorimetry
Pixel equalisation matrix
TowerJazz modified process

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Instrumentation

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Kopsalis, I., Allport, P., Benhammadi, S., Bosley, R., Dopke, J., Fasselt, L., Flynn, S., Freeman, P., Gonella, L., Guerrini, N., Issever, C., Nikolopoulos, K., Phillips, P., Price, T., Sedgwick, I., Villani, E. G., Warren, M., Watson, N. K., Weber, H., ... Zhang, Z. (2022). Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 1038, Article 166955. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166955

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title = "Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry",

abstract = "The DECAL sensor is a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor (DMAPS) being developed to explore technological solutions for digital electromagnetic calorimeters. For this application, the number of pixels above threshold is used to estimate the shower energy and therefore the pixel size is required to be sufficiently small to avoid hit saturation. The DECAL and DECAL Fully Depleted (FD) sensors have been designed and fabricated in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS standard and modified imaging processes, respectively. The latter uses modifications to the implant configuration that improve charge collection and radiation hardness, including to the levels required for barrel ECAL regions of FCC-hh (few 1015 neq/cm2). Both DECAL variants feature a matrix of 64 × 64 pixels with a pitch of 55μm, read out every 25 ns. For DECAL FD, the logic has been modified to extend the in-pixel comparator threshold trim range from five to six bits, with the sixth bit used to de-activate the comparator. Characterisation results for the DECAL FD, including the pixel equalisation matrix, threshold scans testing under monochromatic X-rays and 90Sr source, are presented.",

keywords = "Depleted MAPS, Digital calorimetry, Pixel equalisation matrix, TowerJazz modified process",

author = "I. Kopsalis and P. Allport and S. Benhammadi and R. Bosley and J. Dopke and L. Fasselt and S. Flynn and P. Freeman and L. Gonella and N. Guerrini and C. Issever and K. Nikolopoulos and P. Phillips and T. Price and I. Sedgwick and Villani, {E. G.} and M. Warren and Watson, {N. K.} and H. Weber and F. Wilson and A. Winter and S. Worm and Z. Zhang",

note = "Funding Information: We thank Sion Richards and Matt Wilson for granting access and providing support to the X-ray tube facilities of the Technology Department at STFC-RAL. The authors gratefully acknowledge, the project funding received from the UK Research and Innovation - STFC Grant no. ST/N002911/1 , the Birmingham Particle Physics Consolidated Grants: ST/N000463/1 , ST/N001125/1 , ST/P005888/1 and the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 654168 . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier B.V.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.nima.2022.166955",

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Kopsalis, I, Allport, P, Benhammadi, S, Bosley, R, Dopke, J, Fasselt, L, Flynn, S, Freeman, P, Gonella, L, Guerrini, N, Issever, C, Nikolopoulos, K, Phillips, P, Price, T, Sedgwick, I, Villani, EG, Warren, M, Watson, NK, Weber, H, Wilson, F, Winter, A, Worm, S & Zhang, Z 2022, 'Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol. 1038, 166955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2022.166955

Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry. / Kopsalis, I.; Allport, P.; Benhammadi, S. et al.
In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 1038, 166955, 01.09.2022.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

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AU - Allport, P.

AU - Benhammadi, S.

AU - Bosley, R.

AU - Dopke, J.

AU - Fasselt, L.

AU - Flynn, S.

AU - Freeman, P.

AU - Gonella, L.

AU - Guerrini, N.

AU - Issever, C.

AU - Nikolopoulos, K.

AU - Phillips, P.

AU - Price, T.

AU - Sedgwick, I.

AU - Villani, E. G.

AU - Warren, M.

AU - Watson, N. K.

AU - Weber, H.

AU - Wilson, F.

AU - Winter, A.

AU - Worm, S.

AU - Zhang, Z.

N1 - Funding Information: We thank Sion Richards and Matt Wilson for granting access and providing support to the X-ray tube facilities of the Technology Department at STFC-RAL. The authors gratefully acknowledge, the project funding received from the UK Research and Innovation - STFC Grant no. ST/N002911/1 , the Birmingham Particle Physics Consolidated Grants: ST/N000463/1 , ST/N001125/1 , ST/P005888/1 and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under Grant Agreement no. 654168 . Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

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N2 - The DECAL sensor is a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor (DMAPS) being developed to explore technological solutions for digital electromagnetic calorimeters. For this application, the number of pixels above threshold is used to estimate the shower energy and therefore the pixel size is required to be sufficiently small to avoid hit saturation. The DECAL and DECAL Fully Depleted (FD) sensors have been designed and fabricated in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS standard and modified imaging processes, respectively. The latter uses modifications to the implant configuration that improve charge collection and radiation hardness, including to the levels required for barrel ECAL regions of FCC-hh (few 1015 neq/cm2). Both DECAL variants feature a matrix of 64 × 64 pixels with a pitch of 55μm, read out every 25 ns. For DECAL FD, the logic has been modified to extend the in-pixel comparator threshold trim range from five to six bits, with the sixth bit used to de-activate the comparator. Characterisation results for the DECAL FD, including the pixel equalisation matrix, threshold scans testing under monochromatic X-rays and 90Sr source, are presented.

AB - The DECAL sensor is a depleted monolithic active pixel sensor (DMAPS) being developed to explore technological solutions for digital electromagnetic calorimeters. For this application, the number of pixels above threshold is used to estimate the shower energy and therefore the pixel size is required to be sufficiently small to avoid hit saturation. The DECAL and DECAL Fully Depleted (FD) sensors have been designed and fabricated in the TowerJazz 180 nm CMOS standard and modified imaging processes, respectively. The latter uses modifications to the implant configuration that improve charge collection and radiation hardness, including to the levels required for barrel ECAL regions of FCC-hh (few 1015 neq/cm2). Both DECAL variants feature a matrix of 64 × 64 pixels with a pitch of 55μm, read out every 25 ns. For DECAL FD, the logic has been modified to extend the in-pixel comparator threshold trim range from five to six bits, with the sixth bit used to de-activate the comparator. Characterisation results for the DECAL FD, including the pixel equalisation matrix, threshold scans testing under monochromatic X-rays and 90Sr source, are presented.

KW - Depleted MAPS

KW - Digital calorimetry

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KW - TowerJazz modified process

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Kopsalis I, Allport P, Benhammadi S, Bosley R, Dopke J, Fasselt L et al. Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2022 Sept 1;1038:166955. Epub 2022 Jun 8. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2022.166955

Evaluation of the DECAL fully depleted monolithic sensor for outer tracking and digital calorimetry

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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