ESG Ratings and Investment Returns at the Country Level: Does Higher mean Better?

We examine whether U.S. dollar-based investors can do better investing in highly rated ESG countries than in medium and lower rated ESG countries using both cross sectional and panel data estimations. In general, we find evidence that investment in ESG_Low scoring countries leads to better returns than investing in ESG_High scoring countries which in turn provide better returns than investing in ESG_Medium scoring countries. We also examine the issue of risk-adjusted excess returns using a variety of country risk-adjusted returns including the country-level Sharpe ratio, Treynor ratio and Alpha. In general, we find that ESG_Low countries still outperform ESG_High countries who in turn outperform ESG_Medium countries. We also find that countries that have improved their ESG scores over the period 2000-21 have tended to provide the best returns for international investors and this group is mainly made up of ESG_Low countries, although this is likely driven mainly by their higher economic growth rates. Finally, we examine the performance within the groups of ESG_High, ESG_Medium and ESG_Low. In each case, we find that there is a positive relationship of returns with ESG scores within the group and that GDP per capita in levels has a negative impact on returns using both market exchange rate and purchasing power parity measures.