Digital Transformation of Energy Systems: Technologies, Data, Governance and Cyber Security

Modern energy systems face increasing operational challenges due to the growing penetration of renewables, variability in generation and network congestion, which contribute to curtailment, inefficiencies and avoidable emissions. These issues constrain system flexibility and hinder progress towards net‐zero targets. Digitalisation offers a means to address these challenges by improving system observability, enabling real‐time coordination and supporting data‐driven decision‐making through technologies such as the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and digital twin. As a result, digitalisation has enhanced the efficiency, reliability and flexibility of energy systems, supporting progress towards net‐zero emissions targets. This paper reviews key technologies that enable energy system digitalisation and examines challenges arising from increased connectivity. Unlike existing studies that consider individual technologies, market mechanisms or policy frameworks in isolation, this work adopts an integrated perspective encompassing enabling technologies, data‐driven applications, data governance and cyber security within digitalised energy systems. This study is guided by a horizon scanning methodology to identify emerging technological and cyber‐physical challenges shaping future energy system design. Additionally, a six‐dimensional framework for energy data governance is used to structure current practices and identify gaps related to data quality, discoverability, sharing, privacy and emerging responsibilities. This paper offers actionable insights for researchers, policymakers and industry stakeholders while identifying areas that require further technical and regulatory development.