Abstract
Recientemente, en la prensa popular y en la investigación en ciencias cognitivas, ha habido una tendencia no solo a comparar las creencias en teorías conspirativas con los delirios clínicos, sino a calificar de delirantes diversas creencias no clínicas que se consideran epistémicamente problemáticas. Sam Wilkinson propuso que cuando llamamos delirante a una creencia expresamos nuestra desaprobación epistémica desde el sentido común hacia una creencia que no compartimos. En este sentido es parte de la propuesta de Wilkinson que la atribución de carácter delirante a las creencias cumple un rol expresivo y no descriptivo. De este modo, se implica que llamar delirantes a ciertas creencias no está mediado por el hecho de que dichas creencias satisfagan determinadas condiciones; así, la expresión de desaprobación no se puede desglosar más. En este artículo, queremos adoptar la propuesta de que llamar “delirantes” a las creencias es una forma de expresar desaprobación hacia esas creencias, pero queremos, a su vez, rechazar la idea de que las razones de la desaprobación no se pueden desglosar. Una creencia se denomina “delirante” cuando se considera (1) implausible, en el sentido de que no tiene apariencia de verdad porque se opone a las creencias existentes, y (2) inquebrantable, en el sentido de que no suele abandonarse bajo la presión de contraargumentos o evidencia contra ella. Aunque hay otras características de las creencias que explican por qué las llamamos delirantes, nos centraremos en la implausibilidad y la inquebrantabilidad como criterios epistémicos del carácter delirante de las creencias.
Recently, in the mainstream media and cognitive science research, there has been a tendency not only to compare beliefs in conspiracy theories with clinical delusions but also to label as delusional various non-clinical beliefs that are considered epistemically problematic. Sam Wilkinson proposed that when we call a belief delusional, we express our common-sense epistemic disapproval for a belief that we do not share. In this respect, it is part of Wilkinson’s proposal that the attribution of delusional character to beliefs plays an expressive rather than a descriptive role. The implication is that calling certain beliefs delusional is not mediated by the fact that those beliefs satisfy certain conditions, and the expression of disapproval cannot be further unpacked. In this article, we accept that calling beliefs ‘delusional’ is a way of expressing disapproval, but we resist the idea that the reasons for disapproval cannot be further unpacked. We propose that a belief is called ‘delusional’ when it is considered (1) implausible, in the sense that it has no appearance of truth because it is in tension with existing beliefs, and (2) unshakable, in the sense that it is not usually abandoned under the pressure of counterarguments or counterevidence. Although other features of the beliefs also shed light on why we call them delusional, we will focus on implausibility and unshakeability as epistemic criteria for the delusional character of beliefs.
Recently, in the mainstream media and cognitive science research, there has been a tendency not only to compare beliefs in conspiracy theories with clinical delusions but also to label as delusional various non-clinical beliefs that are considered epistemically problematic. Sam Wilkinson proposed that when we call a belief delusional, we express our common-sense epistemic disapproval for a belief that we do not share. In this respect, it is part of Wilkinson’s proposal that the attribution of delusional character to beliefs plays an expressive rather than a descriptive role. The implication is that calling certain beliefs delusional is not mediated by the fact that those beliefs satisfy certain conditions, and the expression of disapproval cannot be further unpacked. In this article, we accept that calling beliefs ‘delusional’ is a way of expressing disapproval, but we resist the idea that the reasons for disapproval cannot be further unpacked. We propose that a belief is called ‘delusional’ when it is considered (1) implausible, in the sense that it has no appearance of truth because it is in tension with existing beliefs, and (2) unshakable, in the sense that it is not usually abandoned under the pressure of counterarguments or counterevidence. Although other features of the beliefs also shed light on why we call them delusional, we will focus on implausibility and unshakeability as epistemic criteria for the delusional character of beliefs.
| Translated title of the contribution | Epistemic criteria for the attribution of delusional beliefs |
|---|---|
| Original language | Spanish |
| Journal | Análisis Filosófico |
| Early online date | 5 Mar 2025 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | E-pub ahead of print - 5 Mar 2025 |
Keywords
- Delirios clínicos
- Creencias conspirativas
- Implausibilidad
- Inquebran-tabilidad
- Carácter delirante de las creencias
- Clinical Delusions
- Conspiracy Beliefs
- Implausibility
- Unshakeability
- Delusional Character of Beliefs
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