Crafting a Resilient Two-echelon Supply Chain in the Era of Sustainability

Since the turn of the millennium, sustainable supply chains have attracted significant attention because of increasing awareness and regulations. However, supply chain networks are exposed to disruptions associated with human or natural occurrences such as natural disasters and industrial strikes. Practitioners are concerned with building supply chain networks that are sustainable, yet resilient. This study aims to propose a new all-encompassing methodology for a sustainable and resilient (susilient) two-tier supply chain network design (S-2TSCND). The links and inclusiveness between resilience and sustainability in supply chains were explored to establish a novel taxonomy for susilient. A framework was built, which identified the susilient dimensions, enablers, and criteria. A fuzzy four-objective optimization model (FFOOM) was built to address the susilient facility location problem; establish best order quantities; and uncover the trade-off between resilience and sustainability. Finally, the trade-off was evaluated using the global criterion method to measure its distance from the ideal solution with the aim of choosing the optimal supply chain network.