Co-Ordinated Observations of Multi-Scale Irregularities Using ICEBEAR and GNSS During the May 2024 Superstorm

We present observations of plasma structuring from three meters up to hundreds of kilometers at auroral latitudes during the extreme geomagnetic storm of May 2024 using co-ordinated observations from ICEBEAR and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. Intense irregularities on all spatial scales co-existed for about 4 hr between ∼ 63° – 68° magnetic latitudes on 10 May during the storm's expansion phase when dense plasma structures and particle precipitation were simultaneously present at the dayside. Irregularities with scales of the order of few hundred meters remained weak thereafter following the depletion of the high latitude ionosphere even though particle precipitation was still ongoing. On the other hand, three meter E-region irregularities and kilometer scale gradients persisted for about 24 hr, suggesting that both dayside and nightside auroral dynamics contributed to their sustained production. With the absence of an enhanced density reservoir and the region of particle precipitation shifted to higher latitudes, we observed a significant depletion in the irregularity occurrence across all scales in the dayside auroral region on 11 May.