Bridging digital skill gaps in the global workforce: A synthesis and conceptual framework building

Industries undergoing rapid digital transformation are facing a significant global challenge: a widening gap between required and available workforce digital skills. This study identifies key determinants of this gap and develops a comprehensive conceptual framework for mitigation. The research adopted a mixed-methods strategy, integrating expert insights through interviews and a PRISMA-informed systematic review of existing literature. The findings identify critical enablers, including accessible digital infrastructure, targeted investments in skilling, inclusive policies, government-led digital literacy initiatives, industry-aligned curricula, and organizational digital maturity. In contrast, key barriers include limited access to quality educational resources, outdated curricula, high infrastructure costs, and inadequate regulatory support. Further, integrating the Resource-Based View and Technology Acceptance Model, Technology–Organization–Environment frameworks, we propose a novel conceptual model capturing organizational and individual factors influencing skill acquisition. This framework elucidates the complex dynamics driving digital skill gaps and provides actionable guidance for designing inclusive, future-ready upskilling strategies. Our findings offer vital insights for researchers, HR leaders, educators, and policymakers building resilient, digitally competent workforces for Industry 4.0 and beyond.