Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Capparis spinosa L. Fruit Extract: Characterization, Biocompatibility, and Antioxidant Activity

Recent years have seen an increase in the acceptance of green chemistry as a viable method for producing nanoparticles. The aim of this work was to investigate the cytotoxicity, antioxidant effect, and hemocompatibility of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) produced utilizing Capparis spinosa L. (C. spinosa L.) fruit extract as a powerful reducing agent. The reaction rate and ZnO NPs’ shape concerning extract concentration, contact time, pH, and temperature were investigated. The production and characterization of ZnO-NPs were confirmed by ultraviolet spectroscopy (U-V), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The antioxidant activity of ZnO NPs was performed by DPPH assay; hemocompatibility of the erythrocytes and cell-cytotoxic properties were investigated using MTT assay. XRD confirmed the production of highly pure, crystalline ZnO-NPs, while FESEM analyses revealed that these particles were agglomerated and spherical, with an average size of about 37.49 nm. Moreover, UV-Vis absorption was revealed at 366 nm, and tests of ZnO NPs’ ζ potential and DLS revealed values of −44.76 mV and 116.80 nm, respectively. ZnO NPs exhibited good biocompatibility with RBCs in hemolytic activity experiments and did not exhibit any hemolytic reaction at doses ranging from 7.5 to 120 μg/mL. The study concluded that greenly generated ZnO NPs had good antioxidant activity and little cytotoxicity and can thus possibly be developed as a useful therapeutic option.