Bioreactivity of particulate matter in Beijing air: Results from plasmid DNA assay

An in vitro plasmid assay was employed to study the bioreactivity of PM (particulate matter) in Beijing air. It was found that the TD20 (toxic dose of PM causing 20% of plasmid DNA damage) of Beijing PM can be as low as 28 μg ml^{- 1} and as high as > 1000 μg ml^{- 1}. Comparison of the physical properties, such as morphology and size distribution, and oxidative potential indicates that the PM_2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less) has a stronger oxidative capacity than PM₁₀ (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less), and that the higher number percentages of soot aggregates and lower number percentages of mineral and fly ashes are associated with the higher oxidative capacity. Although the mass of PM₁₀ during dust storms is commonly 5 times higher than that during non-dust storm episodes, the oxidative capacity of PM₁₀s of dust storms is much lower than that of the non-dust storm PM₁₀s. The water-soluble fractions and intact whole particle solutions of Beijing airborne particles produce similar plasmid assay results, demonstrating that the bioreactivity of Beijing airborne particles is mainly sourced from the water-soluble fraction. In the samples with stronger bioreactivity, the total analyzed water soluble Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb (ppm) concentrations are higher. The water soluble zinc shows a good negative correlation with TD20s, suggesting that the water-soluble zinc is probably the major element responsible for the plasmid DNA damage.